Based on the growing demands of consumers to be able to purchase products of animal origin from farming systems that guarantee a higher level of animal welfare on farms, the legislation is increasingly pushing towards the free housing of animals, from birth to slaughter. In particular, in sow unit this can involve the risk of having an increase in piglet crushing in the first days after farrowing. Until now, in fact, to avoid this problem, sows were housed from farrowing until the completion of lactation in a farrowing crate to limit their movement. With a view to improving the welfare of the sow at this stage of the production cycle, farrowing pens are being developed equipped with a temporary containment system in which the cage can be opened after farrowing and thus allow the sow to take advantage of more space during lactation. On the farmer’s side, however, there is concern that this could jeopardize the welfare of the piglets without bringing major benefits to the sow. The literature related to this topic also presents discordant data also due to the inhomogeneity of the experimental protocols adopted in the studies carried out. The aim of this thesis work was to compare five different models of newly conceived farrowing pens considering the impact that these structures can have: on the crushing of piglets, on the behavior of the sow and piglets and on the practicality of management by the breeder. The evaluation of the crushing will be useful for the farmer in order to decide which model of farrowing pen purchase to renew the farm. In this thesis, the data of the productive performances of N = 4 sows per pen type were recorded and therefore n. of born, born alive, crushed and died of other causes. A more detailed analysis was carried out on the crushing of piglets. N = 20 sows (4 for each pen) were evaluated by recording the time and method of crushing (with the front or rear part of the sow's body) in association with the state of the farrowing crate, that is, whether open or closed. As regards the study of sow and litter behavior, n = 5 sows were involved, 1 per type of farrowing pen. Data on the postures and activities carried out by the sow and litter were collected (at 10-minute intervals) for 72 h from the onset of farrowing and for 72 h after opening the cage when the sow had a better chance to move. The research carried out showed that there was no significant difference between cage models regarding crushing and piglet mortality, however on average the alternative farrowing systems show a higher percentage of crushing than the farm average that still uses traditional farrowing crates (closed). The preliminary data on the behavior of the sows do not seem to show a substantial difference in the use of space even with an open cage. The sow tends to lie down most of the time, as do the piglets. Regarding the time to reach the nest, we would have expected a shorter time for the Big Dutchman: Actiwell model but it proved to be similar to all the other models. A negative data was an increase in mortality which was found to be almost 20% compared to a farm mortality of 7%; the data in the literature predict an increase in mortality of a few percentage data, but, considering the limited data available, the result is tendential. As regards operator satisfaction, no differences were found between the various farrowing pen models, although over time the producers were asked to make changes to make the structures more functional to the farm's operating procedures.
In base alle richieste crescenti del consumatore di poter acquistare prodotti di origine animale provenienti da sistemi di allevamento che garantiscono un maggior livello di benessere degli animali negli allevamenti, la normativa si sta spingendo sempre più verso la stabulazione libera degli animali. In particolare, nelle scrofaie questo può comportare il rischio nei primi giorni dopo il parto di avere un aumento degli schiacciamenti dei suinetti. Fino ad oggi per evitare questo problema le scrofe venivano stabulate dal parto e fino al completamento della lattazione in una gabbia parto per limitarne il movimento. In un’ottica di miglioramento del benessere della scrofa in questa fase del ciclo produttivo si stanno sviluppando dei box parto dotati di un sistema di contenimento temporaneo in cui la gabbia può essere aperta dopo il parto e permettere così alla scrofa di usufruire di maggiore spazio durante la lattazione. Da parte degli allevatori c’è però la preoccupazione che questo possa mettere a repentaglio il benessere dei suinetti senza apportare grossi benefici alla scrofa. La letteratura in merito a ciò presenta dei dati anche discordanti anche a causa della disomogeneità dei protocolli sperimentali adottati. L’obbiettivo del presente lavoro di tesi è stato quello di comparare cinque modelli differenti di box parto di nuova concezione considerando l’impatto che queste strutture possono avere: sugli schiacciamenti dei suinetti, sul comportamento della scrofa e dei suinetti e sulla praticità gestionale da parte dell’allevatore. Per lo svolgimento del lavoro di tesi, di N=4 scrofe per tipologia di box sono stati registrati i dati delle performance zootecniche e quindi n. di nati, nati vivi, schiacciati e morti per altre cause. Una analisi più approfondita è stata effettuata sugli schiacciamenti dei suinetti. Sono state valutate n=20 scrofe (4 per ogni box) registrando l’ora e la modalità dello schiacciamento (con la parte anteriore o posteriore del corpo della scrofa) in associazione anche con lo stato della gabbia parto (aperta o chiusa). Per quanto riguarda lo studio del comportamento della scrofa e della nidiata sono state utilizzate n=5 scrofe, 1 per tipo di box parto. Sono stati raccolti dati (ad intervalli di 10 minuti) relativi alle posture e alle attività svolte dalla scrofa e dalla nidiata per 72 h dall’inizio del parto e per 72 h dopo l’apertura della gabbia quando la scrofa aveva una maggiore possibilità di muoversi. La ricerca svolta, ha evidenziato come non vi sia stata differenza significativa tra modelli di gabbia per quanto riguarda gli schiacciamenti e la mortalità dei suinetti, tuttavia mediamente i sistemi alternativi di parto evidenziano una maggiore percentuale di schiacciamenti rispetto alla media aziendale che utilizza ancora le gabbie parto tradizionali (chiuse). I dati preliminari sul comportamento delle scrofe non sembrano evidenziare una sostanziale differenza nell’utilizzo degli spazi anche con gabbia aperta. La scrofa tende a stare in decubito la maggior parte del tempo, come pure e i suinetti. Relativamente al tempo di raggiungimento del nido ci saremmo aspettati un tempo minore per il modello Big Dutchman: Actiwell ma si è dimostrato simile a tutti gli altri modelli. Un dato negativo è stato un aumento della mortalità che si è riscontrato essere di quasi 20% rispetto ad una mortalità aziendale del 7%; i dati in letteratura prevedono un aumento della mortalità di pochi dati percentuali, ma avendo pochi dati disponibili il risultato è tendenziale. Per quanto riguarda la soddisfazione dell’operatore non sono state rilevate differenze tra i vari modelli di box parto anche se nel tempo sono state richieste alle aziende produttrici delle modifiche per rendere le strutture più funzionali.
Confronto tra diverse tipologie di box parto: valutazione degli effetti sul benessere della scrofa e dei suinetti
DE LAZZARI, DANIELE
2021/2022
Abstract
Based on the growing demands of consumers to be able to purchase products of animal origin from farming systems that guarantee a higher level of animal welfare on farms, the legislation is increasingly pushing towards the free housing of animals, from birth to slaughter. In particular, in sow unit this can involve the risk of having an increase in piglet crushing in the first days after farrowing. Until now, in fact, to avoid this problem, sows were housed from farrowing until the completion of lactation in a farrowing crate to limit their movement. With a view to improving the welfare of the sow at this stage of the production cycle, farrowing pens are being developed equipped with a temporary containment system in which the cage can be opened after farrowing and thus allow the sow to take advantage of more space during lactation. On the farmer’s side, however, there is concern that this could jeopardize the welfare of the piglets without bringing major benefits to the sow. The literature related to this topic also presents discordant data also due to the inhomogeneity of the experimental protocols adopted in the studies carried out. The aim of this thesis work was to compare five different models of newly conceived farrowing pens considering the impact that these structures can have: on the crushing of piglets, on the behavior of the sow and piglets and on the practicality of management by the breeder. The evaluation of the crushing will be useful for the farmer in order to decide which model of farrowing pen purchase to renew the farm. In this thesis, the data of the productive performances of N = 4 sows per pen type were recorded and therefore n. of born, born alive, crushed and died of other causes. A more detailed analysis was carried out on the crushing of piglets. N = 20 sows (4 for each pen) were evaluated by recording the time and method of crushing (with the front or rear part of the sow's body) in association with the state of the farrowing crate, that is, whether open or closed. As regards the study of sow and litter behavior, n = 5 sows were involved, 1 per type of farrowing pen. Data on the postures and activities carried out by the sow and litter were collected (at 10-minute intervals) for 72 h from the onset of farrowing and for 72 h after opening the cage when the sow had a better chance to move. The research carried out showed that there was no significant difference between cage models regarding crushing and piglet mortality, however on average the alternative farrowing systems show a higher percentage of crushing than the farm average that still uses traditional farrowing crates (closed). The preliminary data on the behavior of the sows do not seem to show a substantial difference in the use of space even with an open cage. The sow tends to lie down most of the time, as do the piglets. Regarding the time to reach the nest, we would have expected a shorter time for the Big Dutchman: Actiwell model but it proved to be similar to all the other models. A negative data was an increase in mortality which was found to be almost 20% compared to a farm mortality of 7%; the data in the literature predict an increase in mortality of a few percentage data, but, considering the limited data available, the result is tendential. As regards operator satisfaction, no differences were found between the various farrowing pen models, although over time the producers were asked to make changes to make the structures more functional to the farm's operating procedures.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/32247