Research has shown that nowadays chronic pain is an increasingly prevalent condition, leading to a high degree of disability and significant socioeconomic impact. In Europe, for example, an average of 1 in 4 people suffer from chronic pain, manifesting symptoms that may involve the musculoskeletal, neuroendocrine or visceral spheres; which also have inevitable repercussions on the psychological sphere. In the first part of the paper, after giving a definition of pain and making a distinction between acute and chronic pain, I will set out the main etiological models in the literature, which are worthy of improving and deepening the knowledge of this complex condition also on the psychological side. The second part discusses the neurophysiological aspects of pain and the dysfunctional processes that, through neurological and psychological mechanisms, may contribute to the transformation of acute pain responses into chronic situations. These include hyperalgesia, allodynia, and central and peripheral sensitization phenomena. Finally, I will analyse the psychological implications in pain chronification, in particular: cognitive and behavioral aspects, such as perception, pain appraisal, and coping strategies; affective aspects, such as anxiety and depression symptoms; and social aspects, such as some forms of self-sabotage that limit daily life and relationship with other people. These developments can trigger a vicious cycle that leads the individual to incorrectly deal with this pain condition and consequently exacerbate its symptoms. Keywords: chronic pain, neurophysiology, psychological factors.
La ricerca ha dimostrato come, nel momento storico attuale, il dolore cronico sia una condizione sempre più diffusa, che comporta un forte grado di disabilità e un impatto significativo a livello socioeconomico. In Europa, ad esempio, mediamente un soggetto su 4 soffre di dolore cronico, manifestando sintomi che possono coinvolgere la sfera muscolo scheletrica, neuro endocrina o viscerale; che inevitabilmente si ripercuotono anche sulla sfera psicologica. Nella prima parte dell’elaborato, dopo un inquadramento del dolore e la sua distinzione tra acuto e cronico, vengono esposti i principali modelli eziologici presenti in letteratura, meritevoli di aver migliorato ed approfondito la conoscenza di questa condizione complessa anche sul versante psicologico. Nella seconda parte vengono analizzati gli aspetti neurofisiologici del dolore e i processi disfunzionali che, attraverso meccanismi neurologici e psicologici, possono contribuire alla trasformazione di risposte di dolore acuto in situazioni croniche. Tra queste troviamo l’iperalgesia, l’allodinia, i fenomeni di sensibilizzazione centrale e periferica. Infine, vengono analizzate le implicazioni psicologiche nella cronicizzazione del dolore, in particolare: gli aspetti cognitivi e comportamentali, come la percezione, la valutazione del dolore e le strategie di coping; affettivi, come la sintomatologia ansiosa e depressiva; sociali, come alcune forme di autosabotaggio che limitano la vita quotidiana e il rapporto con le altre persone. Questi sviluppi possono innescare un circolo vizioso che conduce il soggetto ad affrontare in maniera errata questa condizione di dolore e ad esacerbarne la sintomatologia. Parole chiave: dolore cronico, neurofisiologia, fattori psicologici.
Il dolore acuto e cronico: implicazioni psicologiche
BARICHELLO, MICHAEL
2021/2022
Abstract
Research has shown that nowadays chronic pain is an increasingly prevalent condition, leading to a high degree of disability and significant socioeconomic impact. In Europe, for example, an average of 1 in 4 people suffer from chronic pain, manifesting symptoms that may involve the musculoskeletal, neuroendocrine or visceral spheres; which also have inevitable repercussions on the psychological sphere. In the first part of the paper, after giving a definition of pain and making a distinction between acute and chronic pain, I will set out the main etiological models in the literature, which are worthy of improving and deepening the knowledge of this complex condition also on the psychological side. The second part discusses the neurophysiological aspects of pain and the dysfunctional processes that, through neurological and psychological mechanisms, may contribute to the transformation of acute pain responses into chronic situations. These include hyperalgesia, allodynia, and central and peripheral sensitization phenomena. Finally, I will analyse the psychological implications in pain chronification, in particular: cognitive and behavioral aspects, such as perception, pain appraisal, and coping strategies; affective aspects, such as anxiety and depression symptoms; and social aspects, such as some forms of self-sabotage that limit daily life and relationship with other people. These developments can trigger a vicious cycle that leads the individual to incorrectly deal with this pain condition and consequently exacerbate its symptoms. Keywords: chronic pain, neurophysiology, psychological factors.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/33852