Musculoskeletal pathologies are one of the most common causes of pain and lameness in athletic horses. The diagnosis is achieved with anamnesis, clinical examination, and instrumental examinations such as ultrasonography, radiography or magnetic resonance imaging. The recovery time is often long and so the horse cannot perform any sport activities for months, with a financial loss for the owner. Conventional therapies include the rest of the injured horse, systemic administration of anti-inflammatory drugs and local injections of hyaluronic acid, corticosteroids, and recently, the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP). However, the outcome of these therapies is sometimes unsatisfactory because they lead to a re-injury: indeed, conventional therapies often do not ensure a complete recovery of the damaged tissues which lose their biomechanical properties. In the last years, regenerative medicine has made many progresses and therapies which involve adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) represent a good alternative. This thesis describes the cases of four athletic horses affected by musculoskeletal pathologies, treated with MSC. Subject 1 suffers from arthrosis of the right hock; subject 2 had a distal phalanx fracture in the right hindlimb; subject 3 was affected by desmitis of the suspensory ligament of the left forelimb; subject 4 has arthrosis of the right forelimb fetlock, with a small osteophyte. The first and the second horses were treated with allogeneic MSC, while the third and the fourth horses received autologous MSC. Before the treatment, all the subjects received a clinical examination, followed by ultrasonography and radiography, according to the case. The day of the treatment and weekly for the following three weeks, a blood sampling to subjects 1 and 2 was carried out in order to analyse some plasmatic markers of oxidative stress (advanced oxidation protein products, carbonyl group, thiols, malondialdehyde). Within two months from the therapy, all horses received a clinical examination. All animals showed a clinical improvement and subjects 1 and 3 have resumed their sport activities. Plasma analysis revealed that oxidative stress markers did not increase or decreased supporting the immunomodulatory activity of MSC and their role in containing the inflammatory state. In conclusion, the results of this study support the efficacy and the safety of the MSC therapy for the treatment of equine musculoskeletal pathologies; although cell therapy represents a valid option to conventional treatments it will be necessary to develop specific post treatment rehabilitation programs for each patient.
Le patologie muscolo-scheletriche rappresentano una delle cause più frequenti di dolore e zoppia nei cavalli sportivi e la diagnosi si basa su anamnesi, visita clinica ed esami strumentali quali l’ecografia, la radiografia o la risonanza magnetica. I tempi di recupero sono spesso lunghi e ne consegue che l’animale non possa svolgere attività sportiva per mesi, con una rilevante perdita economica da parte dei proprietari. La terapia tradizionale prevede il riposo dell’animale, ma anche l’impiego di farmaci antinfiammatori per via sistemica, iniezioni di acido ialuronico, cortisonici per via locale e, recentemente, anche l’uso di platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Tuttavia, queste terapie spesso non garantiscono un ripristino delle caratteristiche originarie del tessuto lesionato con conseguente perdita delle sue proprietà biomeccaniche ed aumento di recidive. Nel campo della medicina rigenerativa negli ultimi anni ci sono stati notevoli progressi e, in particolare, le opzioni terapeutiche che prevedono l’utilizzo di cellule staminali adulte rappresentano una valida alternativa alle terapie tradizionali. In questa tesi sono descritti i casi di quattro cavalli sportivi, interessati da patologie muscolo-scheletriche, trattati con cellule staminali mesenchimali (MSC). Il primo soggetto, affetto da artrosi del garretto destro, ha ricevuto il trattamento con MSC allogeniche, come anche il secondo, che presentava una frattura della terza falange dell’arto posteriore destro. Gli altri due cavalli, trattati con MSC autologhe, presentavano una desmite del legamento sospensore del nodello dell’arto anteriore sinistro in un caso, mentre l’altro cavallo palesava artrosi con presenza di un piccolo osteofita parzialmente avulso a livello di articolazione del nodello dell’arto anteriore destro. Prima di effettuare il trattamento, tutti i cavalli sono stati sottoposti a visita clinica, con indagini ecografiche o radiografiche, a seconda del caso. Il giorno del trattamento e settimanalmente per le 3 settimane successive, ai soggetti 1 e 2, sono stati effettuati prelievi di sangue per svolgere indagini sul plasma, al fine di osservare l’andamento di alcuni marker di stress ossidativo (advanced oxidation protein products, gruppi carbonili, tioli, malondialdeide). Entro due mesi dalla terapia tutti i soggetti sono stati sottoposti a visita clinica. Tutti i cavalli trattati hanno mostrato un miglioramento della sintomatologia clinica ed i soggetti 1 e 3 hanno ripreso l’attività sportiva. In base ai risultati delle analisi di laboratorio, i marker dello stress ossidativo o non hanno mostrato un aumento o sono diminuiti, confermando l’azione immuno-modulatoria della terapia a base di cellule staminali mesenchimali e una loro conseguente azione sul contenimento dello stato infiammatorio. In conclusione, i risultati di questo studio concorrono a supportare l’efficacia e la sicurezza della terapia a base di MSCs autologhe o allogeniche per il trattamento di patologie dell’apparato muscolo-scheletrico nel cavallo; la terapia cellulare può essere quindi considerata una valida alternativa ai trattamenti tradizionali nonostante sia necessario sviluppare un protocollo riabilitativo post trattamento specifico per ogni soggetto.
Utilizzo di cellule staminali mesenchimali per il trattamento di patologie dell'apparato muscolo-scheletrico nel cavallo: esempi di applicazioni cliniche
DANIELE, MARTA
2021/2022
Abstract
Musculoskeletal pathologies are one of the most common causes of pain and lameness in athletic horses. The diagnosis is achieved with anamnesis, clinical examination, and instrumental examinations such as ultrasonography, radiography or magnetic resonance imaging. The recovery time is often long and so the horse cannot perform any sport activities for months, with a financial loss for the owner. Conventional therapies include the rest of the injured horse, systemic administration of anti-inflammatory drugs and local injections of hyaluronic acid, corticosteroids, and recently, the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP). However, the outcome of these therapies is sometimes unsatisfactory because they lead to a re-injury: indeed, conventional therapies often do not ensure a complete recovery of the damaged tissues which lose their biomechanical properties. In the last years, regenerative medicine has made many progresses and therapies which involve adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) represent a good alternative. This thesis describes the cases of four athletic horses affected by musculoskeletal pathologies, treated with MSC. Subject 1 suffers from arthrosis of the right hock; subject 2 had a distal phalanx fracture in the right hindlimb; subject 3 was affected by desmitis of the suspensory ligament of the left forelimb; subject 4 has arthrosis of the right forelimb fetlock, with a small osteophyte. The first and the second horses were treated with allogeneic MSC, while the third and the fourth horses received autologous MSC. Before the treatment, all the subjects received a clinical examination, followed by ultrasonography and radiography, according to the case. The day of the treatment and weekly for the following three weeks, a blood sampling to subjects 1 and 2 was carried out in order to analyse some plasmatic markers of oxidative stress (advanced oxidation protein products, carbonyl group, thiols, malondialdehyde). Within two months from the therapy, all horses received a clinical examination. All animals showed a clinical improvement and subjects 1 and 3 have resumed their sport activities. Plasma analysis revealed that oxidative stress markers did not increase or decreased supporting the immunomodulatory activity of MSC and their role in containing the inflammatory state. In conclusion, the results of this study support the efficacy and the safety of the MSC therapy for the treatment of equine musculoskeletal pathologies; although cell therapy represents a valid option to conventional treatments it will be necessary to develop specific post treatment rehabilitation programs for each patient.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/34606