A relevant problem we can find during our career in equine medicine, is osteoarthritis. This pathology causes injuries, that have a big impact on the athletic performance of horses and their life quality, resulting in a great economic loss for the owner in terms of competitions and treatment, due to the poor matrix of joint cartilage and the lack of the presence of blood vessels, lymphatics or nerves do not help the repair processes of its injury/damage. Osteoarthritis (OA), also called degenerative joint disease (DJD), is a slow degenerative process of joint. It consists in the deterioration of joint cartilage, when it is consumed also creates lesions on the soft tissue and on the underlying joint tissue. Among the causes that determinate the development of osteoarthritis we have strong mechanical stress associated with exercise, joint instability, or sudden trauma. The pathology causes pain, so the horse will take positions that reduce the load on the affected limb, and also during walking or during physical activity it will manifest lameness. The joints most affected are represented by the distal joints of the limbs, because they are the ones most subjected to stress during physical activity. For many years to avoid this problem people have been used many treatments such as: the administration of FANS, the infiltration of corticosteroids and hyaluronic acid and the administration of oral condroprotectors; most of which only aim to reduce pain and symptoms, but not to solve problem. For these reasons, in recent years, new treatments have been developed, such as regenerative ones, which no longer aim only at the temporary resolution of pain but have the aim to the regenerate damaged joint tissues. Regenerative medicine is based on the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), that have regenerative, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. In this thesis I have decided to focus on the use of autologous stem cells isolated from synovial fluid of a joint and cultivated in a culture containing autologous serum. The horses, in the clinical cases examined, were treated at the joint affected by OA with a protocol that involves two intra-articular infiltrations. Clinical evaluations were done 4-7 months after the second infiltration, this is because stem cells need time to act; however, telephone checks were done, in which the owners reported slight improvement during 10-20 days following infiltration. In addition, the owner had been instructed to see the presence of edema, an increase in swelling and to evidence the presence of hot and painful joint. It was decided not to do further checks before these months, because it has been demonstrated by previous studies that MSCs, thank to their intrinsic characteristics, does not possess immunogenic potency. The results of this study suggest a beneficial effect in using this protocol for the treatment of osteoarthritis, since it has been observed an improvement in lameness, motility, painfulness, and, most importantly, these horses were able to get back in sport activity. Therefore, the use of autologous stem cells isolated from synovial fluid could represent a new line of treatment for these types of pathology and an alternative to allogenic therapies.
L’osteoartrite rappresenta una grande problematica che sovente ci troviamo ad affrontare durante la nostra carriera nella medicina equina. Questa patologia provoca delle lesioni che hanno un impatto importante sulle performance atletiche dei cavalli e sulla loro qualità di vita, comportando anche una grande perdita economica per il proprietario sia per quanto riguarda le competizioni sia per il trattamento, per via del fatto che la scarsa matrice cellulare della cartilagine articolare e la mancanza della presenza al suo interno di vasi sanguigni, linfatici o nervi non favoriscono processi di riparazione adeguati. L’osteoartrite (OA), chiamata anche malattia articolare degenerativa (DJD), è un lento processo degenerativo delle articolazioni consistente nel deterioramento della cartilagine articolare, la quale consumandosi, crea delle lesioni anche sui tessuti molli e sul tessuto articolare sottostante. Tra le cause che determinano lo sviluppo dell’osteoartrite abbiamo un forte stress meccanico associato all’esercizio, un’instabilità articolare oppure un trauma improvviso. La patologia provoca dolore, infatti durante la deambulazione o durante l’attività fisica manifesterà zoppia; le articolazioni maggiormente interessate sono rappresentate dalle articolazioni distali degli arti perché sono quelle maggiormente soggette a stress, dato che sopportano la maggior parte del carico durante l’attività fisica. In passato questa problematica è stata affrontata attraverso diversi trattamenti come, ad esempio, la somministrazione di farmaci antinfiammatori non steroidei, l’infiltrazione di corticosteroidi e acido ialuronico o la somministrazione di condroprotettori per via orale; tuttavia, la maggior parte mira solamente a ridurre il dolore e la sintomatologia ma non a risolvere il problema. Per questi motivi negli ultimi anni sono stati sviluppati dei nuovi trattamenti. La medicina moderna si sta sempre più orientando verso la rigenerazione del tessuto attraverso la medicina rigenerativa che si basa sull’utilizzo di cellule staminali mesenchimali (MSCs), le quali possiedono proprietà rigenerative, antinfiammatorie ed immunomodulatorie. In questa tesi ho deciso di focalizzarmi sull’utilizzo di cellule staminali autologhe isolate da liquido sinoviale di un’articolazione sana e coltivate in un terreno di coltura contenente siero autologo. I cavalli dei casi clinici presi in esame sono stati trattati all’articolazione colpita da OA con un protocollo che prevede due infiltrazioni intra-articolari a distanza di circa un mese. Le valutazioni cliniche sono state effettuate 4-7 mesi dopo la seconda infiltrazione perché le cellule staminali hanno bisogno di tempo per agire, ma sono stati fatti dei controlli telefonici in cui i proprietari hanno riferito un leggero miglioramento durante i 15-20 giorni successivi alle infiltrazioni. Inoltre, il proprietario era stato istruito a rilevare la presenza di edema, di un aumento della tumefazione e a rilevare la presenza di un eventuale articolazione calda e dolente. È stato deciso di non eseguire ulteriori controlli prima di questi mesi poiché è stato ampiamente dimostrato da studi precedenti, che le cellule staminali mesenchimali, per le loro caratteristiche intrinseche, non hanno potere immunogeno, ma piuttosto, sono coinvolte nell’immunomodulazione. I risultati di questo studio suggeriscono un effetto benefico nell’utilizzo di questo protocollo per il trattamento dell’osteoartrite, in quanto, hanno portato a miglioramenti per quanto riguarda la zoppia, la motilità, la dolorabilità e la ripresa dell’attività sportiva di questi soggetti. Ergo, l’utilizzo di cellule staminali autologhe isolate da liquido sinoviale potrebbe essere una nuova linea di trattamento per questa tipologia di patologie da utilizzare in alternativa alle terapie allogeniche.
Studio di un nuovo protocollo per il trattamento di osteoartriti nel cavallo: uso di cellule staminali autologhe isolate da liquido sinoviale.
SILVESTRI, URAYA
2021/2022
Abstract
A relevant problem we can find during our career in equine medicine, is osteoarthritis. This pathology causes injuries, that have a big impact on the athletic performance of horses and their life quality, resulting in a great economic loss for the owner in terms of competitions and treatment, due to the poor matrix of joint cartilage and the lack of the presence of blood vessels, lymphatics or nerves do not help the repair processes of its injury/damage. Osteoarthritis (OA), also called degenerative joint disease (DJD), is a slow degenerative process of joint. It consists in the deterioration of joint cartilage, when it is consumed also creates lesions on the soft tissue and on the underlying joint tissue. Among the causes that determinate the development of osteoarthritis we have strong mechanical stress associated with exercise, joint instability, or sudden trauma. The pathology causes pain, so the horse will take positions that reduce the load on the affected limb, and also during walking or during physical activity it will manifest lameness. The joints most affected are represented by the distal joints of the limbs, because they are the ones most subjected to stress during physical activity. For many years to avoid this problem people have been used many treatments such as: the administration of FANS, the infiltration of corticosteroids and hyaluronic acid and the administration of oral condroprotectors; most of which only aim to reduce pain and symptoms, but not to solve problem. For these reasons, in recent years, new treatments have been developed, such as regenerative ones, which no longer aim only at the temporary resolution of pain but have the aim to the regenerate damaged joint tissues. Regenerative medicine is based on the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), that have regenerative, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. In this thesis I have decided to focus on the use of autologous stem cells isolated from synovial fluid of a joint and cultivated in a culture containing autologous serum. The horses, in the clinical cases examined, were treated at the joint affected by OA with a protocol that involves two intra-articular infiltrations. Clinical evaluations were done 4-7 months after the second infiltration, this is because stem cells need time to act; however, telephone checks were done, in which the owners reported slight improvement during 10-20 days following infiltration. In addition, the owner had been instructed to see the presence of edema, an increase in swelling and to evidence the presence of hot and painful joint. It was decided not to do further checks before these months, because it has been demonstrated by previous studies that MSCs, thank to their intrinsic characteristics, does not possess immunogenic potency. The results of this study suggest a beneficial effect in using this protocol for the treatment of osteoarthritis, since it has been observed an improvement in lameness, motility, painfulness, and, most importantly, these horses were able to get back in sport activity. Therefore, the use of autologous stem cells isolated from synovial fluid could represent a new line of treatment for these types of pathology and an alternative to allogenic therapies.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/34613