Selection should favor mechanisms to circumvent inbreeding, generally considered a phenomenon that leads to a reduction in the fitness of individuals. However, it has been shown that the choice of partner is not always prejudiced against close relatives, indeed there are many cases among the animal taxa that prefer this way of union. In fact, the search for non-genetically related mates is rare and occurs in particular when related individuals often meet as adult reproducers or in conditions of inbreeding depression. The latter refers to the reduction of phenotypic performance of inbreeding subjects that mate leading to the selection of recessive alleles that reduce intragenomic variability; this contrasts with the paradox theory of inbreeding that analyzes why, even in the presence of the two previous situation, there are exceptions in which mating t between relatives is not avoided. So the inbreeding depression’s costs can be compensated both by the beneficial effects and phenotypic resulting from the mating of inbreeds according to the kin selection, both for reduction of sexual conflict as both parents invest energy in offspring (for example through collaborative parental care). There are also cases where some individuals lose fitness through outbreeding (outbreeding depression), such as the introduction of alleles with different selective histories that potentially disrupt adapted genomes successfully. Therefore it would be necessary to speak of strategies of consanguinity of which are part the avoidance of the mating between consanguinels that its predilection.
La selezione dovrebbe favorire meccanismi per eludere l’accoppiamento consanguineo, generalmente considerato un fenomeno che porta alla riduzione della fitness degli individui. Però è stato dimostrato che non sempre la scelta del partner è prevenuta nei confronti dei parenti stretti, anzi ci sono numerosi casi tra i taxa animali che prediligono questa modalità di unione. Infatti la ricerca di compagni non geneticamente correlati è rara e si verifica in particolare in due situazioni: quando gli individui imparentati si incontrano spesso come adulti riproduttori oppure in condizioni di depressione da consanguineità. Quest’ultima fa riferimento alla riduzione delle performance fenotipiche dei soggetti consanguinei che si accoppiano portando alla selezione di alleli recessivi che riducono la variabilità intragenomica; ciò si contrappone alla teoria del paradosso della consanguineità che analizza il motivo per cui, anche in presenza delle due situazioni precedenti, si verificano eccezioni in cui l’accoppiamento tra parenti non è evitato. Quindi i costi associati alla depressione da consanguineità possono essere compensati sia dai benefici genetici e fenotipici derivanti dall'accoppiamento tra consanguinei secondo la kin selection, sia per riduzione del conflitto sessuale in quanto entrambi i genitori investono energia nella prole (ad esempio attraverso cure parentali collaborative). Si può parlare anche di casi in cui alcuni individui perdono fitness attraverso outbreeding (depressione da outbreeding), come attraverso l’introduzione di alleli con storie selettive diverse che potenzialmente interrompono genomi adattati con successo. Quindi bisognerebbe parlare di strategie di consanguineità di cui fanno parte l’evitamento dell’accoppiamento tra consanguinei che la sua predilezione.
La consanguineità riproduttiva: aumento e diminuzione della fitness degli individui
DE PASCALE, EVA
2021/2022
Abstract
Selection should favor mechanisms to circumvent inbreeding, generally considered a phenomenon that leads to a reduction in the fitness of individuals. However, it has been shown that the choice of partner is not always prejudiced against close relatives, indeed there are many cases among the animal taxa that prefer this way of union. In fact, the search for non-genetically related mates is rare and occurs in particular when related individuals often meet as adult reproducers or in conditions of inbreeding depression. The latter refers to the reduction of phenotypic performance of inbreeding subjects that mate leading to the selection of recessive alleles that reduce intragenomic variability; this contrasts with the paradox theory of inbreeding that analyzes why, even in the presence of the two previous situation, there are exceptions in which mating t between relatives is not avoided. So the inbreeding depression’s costs can be compensated both by the beneficial effects and phenotypic resulting from the mating of inbreeds according to the kin selection, both for reduction of sexual conflict as both parents invest energy in offspring (for example through collaborative parental care). There are also cases where some individuals lose fitness through outbreeding (outbreeding depression), such as the introduction of alleles with different selective histories that potentially disrupt adapted genomes successfully. Therefore it would be necessary to speak of strategies of consanguinity of which are part the avoidance of the mating between consanguinels that its predilection.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/34730