The use of cryogenic liquids represents one of the most important innovations made in the field of the chemical industry in the last century. It was in fact at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that the first methods for liquefying substances such as oxygen, hydrogen nitrogen and helium were developed. This was the basis for the development of increasingly advanced technologies that made it possible to use cryogenic liquids for various applications, from the industrial field to the food and pharmaceutical one. The object of the stage experience was the use of liquid nitrogen, which is by far the cheapest and most widely used and widespread cryogenic liquid worldwide. Molecular nitrogen is a substance that occurs in a gaseous state at ambient temperature and has a boiling point at atmospheric pressure equal to 77.36 K. Therefore, the transition from a gaseous to a liquid state takes place at very low temperatures and this is the characteristic that makes liquid nitrogen a cryogenic liquid. The main objective of this experience was to evaluate the behavior of liquid nitrogen placed in contact with different substrates, which have been specially recreated in the laboratory in order to roughly simulate a real scenario in which a cryogenic liquid was accidentally released into the external environment and therefore came into contact with the most varied types of substrate, from sand to cement. The concentration was placed in particular on how the mass of liquid nitrogen varied over time, in other words the rate and speed of evaporation of the liquid was evaluated and how this varies with the substrate used; secondly, we wanted to evaluate the temperature behavior over time. In parallel, the characteristics of the different substrates used were observed, in particular how each of them reacts to the spill of liquid nitrogen also on the basis of its composition and conformation; to do this, analyzes on the porosity and grain size of the substrates were carried out. In support of the activities to be carried out during the stage experience, the results of other tests previously carried out in which the substance in question was a different cryogenic, liquid natural gas (LNG) were provided. These tests were found to be of considerable interest, in particular for the identifiable similarities regarding the behavior of the two liquids which, although different, actually belong, in many respects, to the same category of substances. The tests conducted in the laboratory were useful to establish a comparison between the evaporation models present in the literature, previously consulted and analyzed, and the results obtained experimentally. All the activities were carried out in the calorimetry laboratory of the University of Padova, within which it was possible to find all the necessary equipment and instrumentation to conduct the tests.
L’utilizzo di liquidi criogenici rappresenta una delle più importanti innovazioni apportate nel campo dell’industria chimica nell’ultimo secolo. Fu infatti a cavallo tra il diciannovesimo e il ventesimo secolo che vennero sviluppati i primi metodi per liquefare sostanze quali ossigeno, idrogeno azoto ed elio. Fu questa la base per lo sviluppo di tecnologie sempre più avanzate che permisero di utilizzare i liquidi criogenici per svariate applicazioni, dal campo prettamente industriale a quello alimentare e farmaceutico. L’oggetto dell’esperienza di tirocinio svolta è stato l’utilizzo di azoto liquido che è il liquido criogenico di gran lunga più economico e più utilizzato e diffuso a livello mondiale. L’azoto molecolare è una sostanza che si presenta allo stato gassoso a temperatura ambiente ed ha un punto di ebollizione a pressione atmosferica pari a 77,36 K. Il passaggio da stato gassoso a stato liquido avviene quindi a temperature molto basse ed è proprio questa caratteristica che fa dell’azoto liquido un liquido criogenico. L’obiettivo principale di questa esperienza è stato quello di valutare il comportamento dell’azoto liquido posto a contatto con diversi substrati, che sono stati appositamente ricreati in laboratorio in modo da simulare approssimativamente uno scenario reale in cui un liquido criogenico venisse accidentalmente rilasciato nell’ambiente esterno e venisse quindi a contatto con i più svariati tipi di substrato, dalla sabbia al cemento. La concentrazione è stata posta in particolar modo su come la massa dell’azoto liquido variasse al passare del tempo, in altre parole è stato valutato il tasso e la velocità di evaporazione del liquido e come questa varia al variare del substrato utilizzato; in secondo luogo si è voluto valutare l’andamento della temperatura al passare del tempo. In parallelo, si sono osservate le caratteristiche dei diversi substrati utilizzati, in particolare come ognuno di essi reagisce allo sversamento di azoto liquido anche in base alla sua composizione e conformazione; per fare ciò sono state fatte delle analisi riguardo la porosità e la granulometria dei substrati. A supporto delle attività da svolgere durante l’esperienza di tirocinio, sono stati forniti i risultati di altre prove svolte precedentemente in cui la sostanza in oggetto era un criogenico differente, il gas naturale liquido (LNG). Queste prove sono risultate essere di notevole interesse, in particolare per le analogie identificabili circa il comportamento dei due liquidi che seppur differenti, appartengono di fatto, per molti aspetti, alla stessa categoria di sostanze. Le prove condotte in laboratorio sono state utili per stabilire un confronto tra i modelli di evaporazione presenti in letteratura, preventivamente consultati e analizzati, e i risultati ottenuti sperimentalmente. Tutte le attività sono state svolte nel laboratorio di calorimetria dell’Università di Padova, all’interno del quale è stato possibile reperire tutta la strumentazione necessaria per condurre le prove.
Analisi sperimentale del comportamento di azoto criogenico su diversi substrati
SCHIAVON, SIMONE
2021/2022
Abstract
The use of cryogenic liquids represents one of the most important innovations made in the field of the chemical industry in the last century. It was in fact at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that the first methods for liquefying substances such as oxygen, hydrogen nitrogen and helium were developed. This was the basis for the development of increasingly advanced technologies that made it possible to use cryogenic liquids for various applications, from the industrial field to the food and pharmaceutical one. The object of the stage experience was the use of liquid nitrogen, which is by far the cheapest and most widely used and widespread cryogenic liquid worldwide. Molecular nitrogen is a substance that occurs in a gaseous state at ambient temperature and has a boiling point at atmospheric pressure equal to 77.36 K. Therefore, the transition from a gaseous to a liquid state takes place at very low temperatures and this is the characteristic that makes liquid nitrogen a cryogenic liquid. The main objective of this experience was to evaluate the behavior of liquid nitrogen placed in contact with different substrates, which have been specially recreated in the laboratory in order to roughly simulate a real scenario in which a cryogenic liquid was accidentally released into the external environment and therefore came into contact with the most varied types of substrate, from sand to cement. The concentration was placed in particular on how the mass of liquid nitrogen varied over time, in other words the rate and speed of evaporation of the liquid was evaluated and how this varies with the substrate used; secondly, we wanted to evaluate the temperature behavior over time. In parallel, the characteristics of the different substrates used were observed, in particular how each of them reacts to the spill of liquid nitrogen also on the basis of its composition and conformation; to do this, analyzes on the porosity and grain size of the substrates were carried out. In support of the activities to be carried out during the stage experience, the results of other tests previously carried out in which the substance in question was a different cryogenic, liquid natural gas (LNG) were provided. These tests were found to be of considerable interest, in particular for the identifiable similarities regarding the behavior of the two liquids which, although different, actually belong, in many respects, to the same category of substances. The tests conducted in the laboratory were useful to establish a comparison between the evaporation models present in the literature, previously consulted and analyzed, and the results obtained experimentally. All the activities were carried out in the calorimetry laboratory of the University of Padova, within which it was possible to find all the necessary equipment and instrumentation to conduct the tests.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/34774