Background. Helicobacter pylori (HP) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections have been recognized as possible triggering factors for gastric cancer (GC). Their involvement in the process of gastric carcinogenesis has been extensively confirmed by numerous studies based on different pathogenetic mechanisms. Recent publications focusing on epigenetic analyses and infection-related histopathological features associated with the two infectious agents, suggest they may serve as predictive markers for future immune-modulating therapies. Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have also been identified as predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy in several types of malignant tumours including gastric adenocarcinoma. Aim of the study. The purpose of this study is to analyse the association of TILs levels with HP and EBV infection in gastric cancer. Materials and methods. A total of 98 resected GC Peruvian cases were included in the study. Analysis for evaluation of TIL levels was performed by a pathologist using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The assessment of CD8 and CD3 positive T-lymphocyte density (by immunohistochemical staining) was instead calculated using software. HP detection in the samples was performed by quantitative PCR (qPCR). In Situ Hybridization (ISH) technique was used for the detection of EBV infection, while gene expression was assessed by qPCR. Methylome analysis of EBV-related genes was performed by the Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip and the methylation status of the genes was detected by PCR. Results. Regarding TIL levels assessed in the samples, the median was 30%. The percentage of EBV+ detected by ISH was 24.1% while the EBV+ percentage calculated by qPCR technique was 41.8%. EBV-related gene methylation was 70% and HP+ percentage was 58.2%. The following parameters were associated with longer survival: younger age (p=0.024), early stages (p=0.001), HP+ (p=0.036) and low CD8 density (p=0.046). Higher TIL level was more frequently observed in intestinal subtype (p<0.001), grade-2 (p<0.001), EBV PCR+ (p=0.001) and methylation of EBV-related genes (p=0.007). Higher TIL and EBV positive cases share 8 genes with similarly methylated status in the metabolomic analysis. Higher CD8 density was associated with EBV PCR+ (p=0.012) and HP- (p=0.005). Conclusions. HP infection and lower CD8 T-lymphocyte density predict longer survival. Higher levels of TILs in gastric cancer are associated with EBV+ and methylation status of EBV-related genes. Conversely, lower CD8 T-lymphocyte infiltration is associated with HP+ in GC.
Premesse. Le infezioni da Helicobacter pylori (HP) e da virus di Epstein-Barr (EBV) sono state identificate come possibili fattori scatenanti il cancro gastrico (GC). Il loro coinvolgimento nel processo di carcinogenesi gastrica è stato ampiamente confermato da numerosi studi sui differenti meccanismi patogenetici. Recenti pubblicazioni incentrate sulle analisi epigenetiche e sulle caratteristiche istopatologiche correlate alle infezioni associate ai due agenti infettivi, suggeriscono che potrebbero fungere da marcatori predittivi per le future terapie immunomodulanti. Anche i linfociti infiltranti il tumore (TIL) sono stati identificati come possibili biomarcatori predittivi per l'immunoterapia in diversi tipi di tumori maligni compreso il carcinoma gastrico. Scopo dello studio. Lo scopo di questo studio è di indagare l'associazione dei livelli di TIL con l'infezione da HP ed EBV nel cancro gastrico. Materiali e metodi. Sono stati inclusi nello studio un totale di 98 campioni di GC resecati da 98 pazienti peruviani. L'analisi per la valutazione dei livelli di TIL è stata eseguita da un patologo utilizzando la colorazione istologica con ematossilina-eosina (H&E). La valutazione della densità dei linfociti T CD8 e CD3 positivi (mediante colorazione immunoistochimica) è stata invece calcolata con un software. La rilevazione dell'HP nei campioni è stata eseguita mediante PCR quantitativa (qPCR). Per la rilevazione dello stato d'infezione da EBV è stata utilizzata la tecnica di ibridazione in situ (ISH), mentre l'espressione genica è stata valutata mediante qPCR. Lo stato di metilazione dei geni correlati a EBV è stato rilevato mediante PCR mentre l'analisi del metiloma è stata eseguita utilizzando il kit di Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip. Risultati. Per quanto riguarda i livelli di TIL valutati nei campioni, la mediana era del 30%. La percentuale di EBV+ rilevata mediante ISH è stata del 24,1%, mentre la percentuale di EBV+ calcolata mediante tecnica qPCR è stata del 41,8%. La metilazione genica legata all'EBV era del 70% e la percentuale di HP+ del 58,2%. I seguenti parametri sono stati associati a una sopravvivenza più lunga: età più giovane (p=0,024), stadi precoci (p=0,001), HP+ (p=0,036) e bassa densità di CD8 (p=0,046). Un livello più elevato di TIL è stato osservato più frequentemente nel sottotipo intestinale (p<0,001), nel grado di stadiazione 2 (p<0,001), nella EBV PCR+ (p= 0,001) e nella metilazione dei geni correlati all'EBV (p=0,007). I casi con TIL più elevati e quelli positivi all'EBV condividono 8 geni con uno stato di metilazione simile nell'analisi metabolomica. Una maggiore densità di CD8 è stata associata a EBV PCR+ (p=0,012) e HP- (p=0,005). Conclusioni. L'infezione da HP e una minore densità di linfociti T CD8 predicono una sopravvivenza più lunga. Livelli più elevati di TIL nel carcinoma gastrico sono associati a EBV+ e allo stato di metilazione dei geni correlati a EBV. Al contrario, una minore infiltrazione di linfociti T CD8 è associata a HP+ nel GC.
Association between Epstein-Barr virus, H. pylori infection and tumour infiltrating lymphocytes in a series of Peruvian gastric adenocarcinomas
GABANI, GIULIA
2021/2022
Abstract
Background. Helicobacter pylori (HP) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections have been recognized as possible triggering factors for gastric cancer (GC). Their involvement in the process of gastric carcinogenesis has been extensively confirmed by numerous studies based on different pathogenetic mechanisms. Recent publications focusing on epigenetic analyses and infection-related histopathological features associated with the two infectious agents, suggest they may serve as predictive markers for future immune-modulating therapies. Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have also been identified as predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy in several types of malignant tumours including gastric adenocarcinoma. Aim of the study. The purpose of this study is to analyse the association of TILs levels with HP and EBV infection in gastric cancer. Materials and methods. A total of 98 resected GC Peruvian cases were included in the study. Analysis for evaluation of TIL levels was performed by a pathologist using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The assessment of CD8 and CD3 positive T-lymphocyte density (by immunohistochemical staining) was instead calculated using software. HP detection in the samples was performed by quantitative PCR (qPCR). In Situ Hybridization (ISH) technique was used for the detection of EBV infection, while gene expression was assessed by qPCR. Methylome analysis of EBV-related genes was performed by the Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip and the methylation status of the genes was detected by PCR. Results. Regarding TIL levels assessed in the samples, the median was 30%. The percentage of EBV+ detected by ISH was 24.1% while the EBV+ percentage calculated by qPCR technique was 41.8%. EBV-related gene methylation was 70% and HP+ percentage was 58.2%. The following parameters were associated with longer survival: younger age (p=0.024), early stages (p=0.001), HP+ (p=0.036) and low CD8 density (p=0.046). Higher TIL level was more frequently observed in intestinal subtype (p<0.001), grade-2 (p<0.001), EBV PCR+ (p=0.001) and methylation of EBV-related genes (p=0.007). Higher TIL and EBV positive cases share 8 genes with similarly methylated status in the metabolomic analysis. Higher CD8 density was associated with EBV PCR+ (p=0.012) and HP- (p=0.005). Conclusions. HP infection and lower CD8 T-lymphocyte density predict longer survival. Higher levels of TILs in gastric cancer are associated with EBV+ and methylation status of EBV-related genes. Conversely, lower CD8 T-lymphocyte infiltration is associated with HP+ in GC.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/35596