Depression is a common mental disorder characterized by severe and persistent sadness that interferes with daily tasks and diminishes normal interest and pleasure in activities. First choice treatment is psychotherapy, and pharmacological therapy could be supplemented when necessary. Currently available treatments, such as tricyclic antidepressant, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are limited by a low effective rate, serious side effects and a significant therapeutic onset delay of weeks or months. Consequently, the development of new antidepressant drugs with fewer adverse effects and more rapid onset of therapeutic action is currently a major aim of the scientific community. From recent evidences, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists have particularly attracted the attention of researchers. NMDA is an ionotropic receptor of glutamate, permeable to Ca2+. Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter involved in many physiological processes, such as synaptogenesis, memory and learning. The NMDA receptor is presumably linked to some CNS disorders such as depression, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. In fact, high levels of glutamate can cause excessive stimulation of NMDA receptors, leading to a massive influx of Ca2+ which causes the phenomenon of excitotoxicity. A newly approved drug that acts as a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist is esketamine, the (S)- enantiomer of ketamine, sold with the brand name Spravato®, and it is used in adults presenting resistance to treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD). In several studies, esketamine provides a rapid and robust antidepressant activity in patients refractory to standard therapy. Despite this, the use of Spravato® is limited due to the risk of psychotomimetic effects and abuse potential. The research of better antidepressant drugs based on the same mechanism of action of esketamine led to the identification of dextromethadone, the (S)-enantiomer of the analgesic opioid methadone, characterized by a low affinity for µ opioid receptors. Phase 1 and 2 clinical studies conducted by Relmada Therapeutics on this molecule have demonstrated a rapid and long-lasting antidepressant activity with negligible adverse effects and low abuse potential. In the laboratories where I carried out my thesis internship, in collaboration with Relmada Therapeutics, a research project is in progress with the aim to optimize the structure of (S)-methadone in order to find new NMDAR antagonists with better pharmacodynamic profiles and safety. In addition, hydroxynorketamine, a known metabolite of ketamine, was recently found to have greater antidepressant activity and a lower incidence of adverse effects than the parent drug. From these assumptions, the present thesis project intends to design and perform the synthesis of the main optically pure metabolites of (S)- and (R)-methadone. Starting from enantiopure reagents and performing chiral chromatography to purify the diastereoisomers obtained from the formation of new chiral centers during the syntheses carried out, all the main metabolites of methadone were obtained in high chiral purity. Each compound was then characterized using mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy and polarimetry. Furthermore, the absolute configuration of the various diastereoisomers was assigned by X-ray crystallography. Finally, all the synthesized compounds were tested by an external company (Evotec Srl) in cell cultures to determine their inhibitory activity against NMDAR.
La depressione è un disturbo mentale comune caratterizzato da una tristezza grave e persistente che interferisce con le attività quotidiane e diminuisce il normale interesse e il piacere nelle attività. Il trattamento di prima scelta è la psicoterapia e la terapia farmacologica può essere integrata quando necessario. I trattamenti attualmente disponibili, come gli antidepressivi triciclici, gli inibitori selettivi della ricaptazione della serotonina (SSRI) e gli inibitori della monoamino ossidasi (IMAO) presentano il limite di avere un basso tasso di efficacia, effetti collaterali problematici e un significativo ritardo di insorgenza dell’effetto terapeutico di settimane o addirittura mesi. Per questo un importante obiettivo della comunità scientifica è lo sviluppo di nuovi farmaci antidepressivi con minori effetti avversi e una più rapida insorgenza d’azione terapeutica. Da recenti evidenze, gli antagonisti del recettore dell’N-metil-D-aspartato (NMDA) hanno attirato particolarmente l’attenzione dei ricercatori. NMDA è un recettore ionotropico del glutammato, permeabile al Ca2+. Il glutammato è un neurotrasmettitore eccitatorio coinvolto in molti processi fisiologici, come sinaptogenesi, memoria e apprendimento. Il recettore NMDA è presumibilmente collegato ad alcuni disturbi del SNC come la depressione, il morbo di Parkinson e il morbo di Alzheimer. Infatti, alti livelli di glutammato possono causare un'eccessiva stimolazione dei recettori NMDA, portando ad un massiccio influsso di Ca2+ che provoca il fenomeno dell’eccitotossicità. Un farmaco recentemente approvato come antagonista non competitivo del recettore NMDA è l'esketamina, l'enantiomero-(S) della ketamina, venduto con il marchio Spravato®, e utilizzato in pazienti adulti con disturbo depressivo maggiore (MDD) resistente al trattamento. In diversi studi clinici, l'esketamina ha dimostrato un'attività antidepressiva rapida e robusta in pazienti refrattari alle terapie convenzionali. Nonostante ciò, l'uso di Spravato® è limitato a causa dei suoi effetti psicotomimetici e del potenziale di abuso. La ricerca di migliori candidati come farmaci antidepressivi basati sullo stesso meccanismo d'azione dell'esketamina ha portato all'identificazione del destrometadone, l’enantiomero-(S) dell'oppioide analgesico metadone, caratterizzato da una bassa affinità per i recettori µ oppioidi. Studi clinici di fase 1 e 2 condotti da Relmada Therapeutics su questa molecola, hanno dimostrato un'attività antidepressiva rapida e di lunga durata, con trascurabili effetti avversi e scarso potenziale di abuso. Nei laboratori dove ho svolto il mio internato di tesi, in collaborazione con Relmada Therapeutics, è in corso un progetto di ricerca che mira ad ottimizzare la struttura dell'(S)-metadone con lo scopo di trovare nuovi antagonisti NMDAR con migliori profili farmacodinamici e di sicurezza. Inoltre, è stato recentemente riscontrato che l'idrossinorketamina, un noto metabolita della ketamina, ha una maggiore attività antidepressiva e una minore incidenza di effetti avversi rispetto al farmaco originale. Dati questi presupposti, il presente progetto di tesi intende progettare ed eseguire la sintesi dei principali metaboliti otticamente puri di (S)- e (R)-metadone. Partendo da reagenti enantiopuri ed eseguendo cromatografia chirale per purificare i diastereoisomeri ottenuti dalla formazione di nuovi centri chirali durante le sintesi effettuate, sono stati ottenuti tutti i principali metaboliti del metadone in elevata purezza chirale. Ciascun composto è stato poi caratterizzato utilizzando spettrometria di massa, spettroscopia NMR e polarimetria. Inoltre, la configurazione assoluta dei vari diastereoisomeri è stata assegnata mediante cristallografia a raggi X. Infine, tutti i composti sintetizzati sono stati testati da una società esterna (Evotec Srl) in colture cellulari per determinare la loro attività inibitoria nei confronti del NMDAR.
Nuovi approcci per la sintesi dei metaboliti di R- e S-metadone, e valutazione della loro attività inibitoria nei confronti del recettore NMDA
TODESCHINI, ILEANA
2021/2022
Abstract
Depression is a common mental disorder characterized by severe and persistent sadness that interferes with daily tasks and diminishes normal interest and pleasure in activities. First choice treatment is psychotherapy, and pharmacological therapy could be supplemented when necessary. Currently available treatments, such as tricyclic antidepressant, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are limited by a low effective rate, serious side effects and a significant therapeutic onset delay of weeks or months. Consequently, the development of new antidepressant drugs with fewer adverse effects and more rapid onset of therapeutic action is currently a major aim of the scientific community. From recent evidences, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists have particularly attracted the attention of researchers. NMDA is an ionotropic receptor of glutamate, permeable to Ca2+. Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter involved in many physiological processes, such as synaptogenesis, memory and learning. The NMDA receptor is presumably linked to some CNS disorders such as depression, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. In fact, high levels of glutamate can cause excessive stimulation of NMDA receptors, leading to a massive influx of Ca2+ which causes the phenomenon of excitotoxicity. A newly approved drug that acts as a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist is esketamine, the (S)- enantiomer of ketamine, sold with the brand name Spravato®, and it is used in adults presenting resistance to treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD). In several studies, esketamine provides a rapid and robust antidepressant activity in patients refractory to standard therapy. Despite this, the use of Spravato® is limited due to the risk of psychotomimetic effects and abuse potential. The research of better antidepressant drugs based on the same mechanism of action of esketamine led to the identification of dextromethadone, the (S)-enantiomer of the analgesic opioid methadone, characterized by a low affinity for µ opioid receptors. Phase 1 and 2 clinical studies conducted by Relmada Therapeutics on this molecule have demonstrated a rapid and long-lasting antidepressant activity with negligible adverse effects and low abuse potential. In the laboratories where I carried out my thesis internship, in collaboration with Relmada Therapeutics, a research project is in progress with the aim to optimize the structure of (S)-methadone in order to find new NMDAR antagonists with better pharmacodynamic profiles and safety. In addition, hydroxynorketamine, a known metabolite of ketamine, was recently found to have greater antidepressant activity and a lower incidence of adverse effects than the parent drug. From these assumptions, the present thesis project intends to design and perform the synthesis of the main optically pure metabolites of (S)- and (R)-methadone. Starting from enantiopure reagents and performing chiral chromatography to purify the diastereoisomers obtained from the formation of new chiral centers during the syntheses carried out, all the main metabolites of methadone were obtained in high chiral purity. Each compound was then characterized using mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy and polarimetry. Furthermore, the absolute configuration of the various diastereoisomers was assigned by X-ray crystallography. Finally, all the synthesized compounds were tested by an external company (Evotec Srl) in cell cultures to determine their inhibitory activity against NMDAR.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/35915