The paper deals with the phenomenon of hate speech online, especially from the standpoint of the most effective strategies for its contrast, wondering if one of these could be the recognition of internet service providers’ criminal liability. Starting from the contextualization of the phenomenon of hate speech within the broader category of hate crimes, we will focus on the features of hate speech in general, as well as on the opportunity – rectius, on the legitimacy – of its incrimination by the State law; question which, in turn, will inevitably lead to face the controversial issue of the balance between freedom of thought and other fundamental values in a democratic system, first of all the equality and the human dignity. Following to this, the statement of the dramatic increase in the size of the phenomenon, as a consequence of the advent of the digital era, will lead us to the heart of this paper, namely the use of online hate speech: after considering the phenomenon from a sociological point of view, we will analyse the counteracting strategies implemented by the European legal order and, as a consequence, by the domestic law. In addition to deepening the understanding of the existing legal instruments – in particular, the thought crime referred to in article 604-bis of the Penal Code, which allows, under certain conditions, to hold the creator of hateful contents criminally responsible – we will try to answer the debated question of whether it is possible to introduce a criminal liability for internet service providers for the publication of discriminatory contents by third parties in social medias. For this purpose, we will consider some ideal-typical models of ISP responsibility, with the awareness that the adoption of one model rather than the other not only implies a certain way of considering online freedom of expression - and, upstream, a certain balance between the latter and the human dignity - but it might even influence the democratic form of government of a country.
L’elaborato ha per oggetto il fenomeno dell’hate speech online, in particolare sotto il profilo delle strategie più efficaci per il suo contrasto, chiedendosi se una di queste possa essere il riconoscimento di una responsabilità penale in capo agli internet service providers. Prendendo le mosse dall’inquadramento del fenomeno del discorso d’odio all’interno della più ampia categoria degli hate crimes, ci si focalizzerà sulle caratteristiche del discorso d’odio in generale, nonchè sull’opportunità – rectius, sulla legittimità – di una sua incriminazione ad opera della legge statale; questione che, a sua volta, porterà inevitabilmente ad affrontare la spinosa tematica del bilanciamento tra libertà di manifestazione del pensiero ed altri valori fondamentali in un ordinamento democratico, in primis l’eguaglianza e la dignità umana. Successivamente, la constatazione del drammatico aumento delle dimensioni del fenomeno in conseguenza dell’avvento dell’era digitale condurrà al cuore del presente elaborato, vale a dire l’immissione di contenuti odiosi nel web: dopo aver esaminato il fenomeno da un punto di vista sociologico, si analizzerà la strategia di contrasto approntata a livello europeo e, di riflesso, a livello di ordinamento interno. Oltre ad approfondire gli strumenti giuridici già esistenti – in particolare, il reato di opinione di cui all’art. 604-bis c.p., che permette, a certe condizioni, di ritenere penalmente responsabile l’autore della manifestazione d’odio online – si cercherà di rispondere alla dibattuta quaestio se sussistano gli estremi per riconoscere una responsabilità penale in capo agli internet service providers per l’immissione di contenuti discriminatori da parte di terzi nei social media: a tal fine, si vaglieranno alcuni modelli idealtipici di responsabilizzazione degli ISP, con la consapevolezza che la scelta per l’uno o per l’altro modello non soltanto presuppone un certo modo di intendere la libertà di manifestazione del pensiero online - e, a monte, un determinato bilanciamento tra quest’ultima e la dignità umana - ma è anche idonea a incidere sulla stessa forma di governo democratica di un paese.
L'hate speech online e la responsabilità degli internet service providers
TURETTA, EMMA
2021/2022
Abstract
The paper deals with the phenomenon of hate speech online, especially from the standpoint of the most effective strategies for its contrast, wondering if one of these could be the recognition of internet service providers’ criminal liability. Starting from the contextualization of the phenomenon of hate speech within the broader category of hate crimes, we will focus on the features of hate speech in general, as well as on the opportunity – rectius, on the legitimacy – of its incrimination by the State law; question which, in turn, will inevitably lead to face the controversial issue of the balance between freedom of thought and other fundamental values in a democratic system, first of all the equality and the human dignity. Following to this, the statement of the dramatic increase in the size of the phenomenon, as a consequence of the advent of the digital era, will lead us to the heart of this paper, namely the use of online hate speech: after considering the phenomenon from a sociological point of view, we will analyse the counteracting strategies implemented by the European legal order and, as a consequence, by the domestic law. In addition to deepening the understanding of the existing legal instruments – in particular, the thought crime referred to in article 604-bis of the Penal Code, which allows, under certain conditions, to hold the creator of hateful contents criminally responsible – we will try to answer the debated question of whether it is possible to introduce a criminal liability for internet service providers for the publication of discriminatory contents by third parties in social medias. For this purpose, we will consider some ideal-typical models of ISP responsibility, with the awareness that the adoption of one model rather than the other not only implies a certain way of considering online freedom of expression - and, upstream, a certain balance between the latter and the human dignity - but it might even influence the democratic form of government of a country.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/37478