Lobesia botrana and Botrytis cinerea combined damage is a huge threat to grapevine production. The use of chemicals to combat these pests is highly discourage due to its underlying negative consequences. The use of biological control has been an interesting area as it can be supplemental/alternative to pesticide in the IPM program. Entomopathogenic nematodes has been successfully used against below ground pests and currently, also above ground pests. However, foliar application of EPN faces limitations, due to its soil dwelling nature. We tested the hypothesis that adding adjuvants to EPN suspension sprays will overcome these limitations leading to increase EPN control against above dwelling pests, particularly Lobesia botrana. To do this, prior experiments were done such as compatibility tests and leaf adherence tests to identify the best adjuvant product for EPN. Also, we explored the best scenario for their application, testing different developmental stage and temperatures combined with the selected adjuvants. Our hypothesis was that the reduction of the temperature will limit the EPN activity but that could be compensated when combined with the adjuvant. Also, we explored the compatibility of certain agrochemical used to control other fungal pest to determine their possible combination of superposition in the application in the field. Finally, the antimicrobial activity of EPN bacteria (Xenorhabdus nematophila and Photorhabdus laumoundii) unfiltered ferment was explored against B. cinerea. Overall, the tested adjuvants products (Multi Us, Maxi Mix and its combination) did not show negative effects to EPN species (Steinernema feltiea and Steinernema carpocapsae) viability and infectivity. Through leaf adherence tests, we selected Maxi mix as the best adjuvants for both EPN species. Thereafter, the best adjuvant + EPN mixtures were further used against L. botrana’s different life stages and setting: (i) L3 on fruit, (ii) L3 on leaf; and (iii) pupa on trunks (at 22º, 15º and 10ºC). Results showed that Maxi mix enhanced the control efficiency of EPN species against L. botrana L3 fruit and leaf setting, observing that the damage inflicted by L3 were lower than in with the water treatment, more evidently in the fruit study. However, these improvements were not attained in the control of the pupae, only determining the reduction of the virulence when the temperature were lower. Furthermore, in the compatibility tests against various agropesticides (Sonata, Azufre, Cobre, Ridomil and Flint). Azufre and Cobre could produce a negative impact to the viability and infectivity of the EPN S. feltiae. Finally, EPN bacteria showed a promising reduction of B. cinerea growth, more evidently in the species P. laumoundii. Overall, this study provided the settlement of the possible application of EPN in vineyards against L. botrana and probed that the derivate of their symbiont can also be powerful tools against the fungus B. cinerea.

Lobesia botrana and Botrytis cinerea combined damage is a huge threat to grapevine production. The use of chemicals to combat these pests is highly discourage due to its underlying negative consequences. The use of biological control has been an interesting area as it can be supplemental/alternative to pesticide in the IPM program. Entomopathogenic nematodes has been successfully used against below ground pests and currently, also above ground pests. However, foliar application of EPN faces limitations, due to its soil dwelling nature. We tested the hypothesis that adding adjuvants to EPN suspension sprays will overcome these limitations leading to increase EPN control against above dwelling pests, particularly Lobesia botrana. To do this, prior experiments were done such as compatibility tests and leaf adherence tests to identify the best adjuvant product for EPN. Also, we explored the best scenario for their application, testing different developmental stage and temperatures combined with the selected adjuvants. Our hypothesis was that the reduction of the temperature will limit the EPN activity but that could be compensated when combined with the adjuvant. Also, we explored the compatibility of certain agrochemical used to control other fungal pest to determine their possible combination of superposition in the application in the field. Finally, the antimicrobial activity of EPN bacteria (Xenorhabdus nematophila and Photorhabdus laumoundii) unfiltered ferment was explored against B. cinerea. Overall, the tested adjuvants products (Multi Us, Maxi Mix and its combination) did not show negative effects to EPN species (Steinernema feltiea and Steinernema carpocapsae) viability and infectivity. Through leaf adherence tests, we selected Maxi mix as the best adjuvants for both EPN species. Thereafter, the best adjuvant + EPN mixtures were further used against L. botrana’s different life stages and setting: (i) L3 on fruit, (ii) L3 on leaf; and (iii) pupa on trunks (at 22º, 15º and 10ºC). Results showed that Maxi mix enhanced the control efficiency of EPN species against L. botrana L3 fruit and leaf setting, observing that the damage inflicted by L3 were lower than in with the water treatment, more evidently in the fruit study. However, these improvements were not attained in the control of the pupae, only determining the reduction of the virulence when the temperature were lower. Furthermore, in the compatibility tests against various agropesticides (Sonata, Azufre, Cobre, Ridomil and Flint). Azufre and Cobre could produce a negative impact to the viability and infectivity of the EPN S. feltiae. Finally, EPN bacteria showed a promising reduction of B. cinerea growth, more evidently in the species P. laumoundii. Overall, this study provided the settlement of the possible application of EPN in vineyards against L. botrana and probed that the derivate of their symbiont can also be powerful tools against the fungus B. cinerea.

Approaches to Improve the Use of Entomopathogenic Nematodes (EPN) and their Bacterial Derivates Against Biotic Threats in Vineyards

CARPENTERO, ELIZABETH
2021/2022

Abstract

Lobesia botrana and Botrytis cinerea combined damage is a huge threat to grapevine production. The use of chemicals to combat these pests is highly discourage due to its underlying negative consequences. The use of biological control has been an interesting area as it can be supplemental/alternative to pesticide in the IPM program. Entomopathogenic nematodes has been successfully used against below ground pests and currently, also above ground pests. However, foliar application of EPN faces limitations, due to its soil dwelling nature. We tested the hypothesis that adding adjuvants to EPN suspension sprays will overcome these limitations leading to increase EPN control against above dwelling pests, particularly Lobesia botrana. To do this, prior experiments were done such as compatibility tests and leaf adherence tests to identify the best adjuvant product for EPN. Also, we explored the best scenario for their application, testing different developmental stage and temperatures combined with the selected adjuvants. Our hypothesis was that the reduction of the temperature will limit the EPN activity but that could be compensated when combined with the adjuvant. Also, we explored the compatibility of certain agrochemical used to control other fungal pest to determine their possible combination of superposition in the application in the field. Finally, the antimicrobial activity of EPN bacteria (Xenorhabdus nematophila and Photorhabdus laumoundii) unfiltered ferment was explored against B. cinerea. Overall, the tested adjuvants products (Multi Us, Maxi Mix and its combination) did not show negative effects to EPN species (Steinernema feltiea and Steinernema carpocapsae) viability and infectivity. Through leaf adherence tests, we selected Maxi mix as the best adjuvants for both EPN species. Thereafter, the best adjuvant + EPN mixtures were further used against L. botrana’s different life stages and setting: (i) L3 on fruit, (ii) L3 on leaf; and (iii) pupa on trunks (at 22º, 15º and 10ºC). Results showed that Maxi mix enhanced the control efficiency of EPN species against L. botrana L3 fruit and leaf setting, observing that the damage inflicted by L3 were lower than in with the water treatment, more evidently in the fruit study. However, these improvements were not attained in the control of the pupae, only determining the reduction of the virulence when the temperature were lower. Furthermore, in the compatibility tests against various agropesticides (Sonata, Azufre, Cobre, Ridomil and Flint). Azufre and Cobre could produce a negative impact to the viability and infectivity of the EPN S. feltiae. Finally, EPN bacteria showed a promising reduction of B. cinerea growth, more evidently in the species P. laumoundii. Overall, this study provided the settlement of the possible application of EPN in vineyards against L. botrana and probed that the derivate of their symbiont can also be powerful tools against the fungus B. cinerea.
2021
Approaches to Improve the Use of Entomopathogenic Nematodes (EPN) and their Bacterial Derivates Against Biotic Threats in Vineyards
Lobesia botrana and Botrytis cinerea combined damage is a huge threat to grapevine production. The use of chemicals to combat these pests is highly discourage due to its underlying negative consequences. The use of biological control has been an interesting area as it can be supplemental/alternative to pesticide in the IPM program. Entomopathogenic nematodes has been successfully used against below ground pests and currently, also above ground pests. However, foliar application of EPN faces limitations, due to its soil dwelling nature. We tested the hypothesis that adding adjuvants to EPN suspension sprays will overcome these limitations leading to increase EPN control against above dwelling pests, particularly Lobesia botrana. To do this, prior experiments were done such as compatibility tests and leaf adherence tests to identify the best adjuvant product for EPN. Also, we explored the best scenario for their application, testing different developmental stage and temperatures combined with the selected adjuvants. Our hypothesis was that the reduction of the temperature will limit the EPN activity but that could be compensated when combined with the adjuvant. Also, we explored the compatibility of certain agrochemical used to control other fungal pest to determine their possible combination of superposition in the application in the field. Finally, the antimicrobial activity of EPN bacteria (Xenorhabdus nematophila and Photorhabdus laumoundii) unfiltered ferment was explored against B. cinerea. Overall, the tested adjuvants products (Multi Us, Maxi Mix and its combination) did not show negative effects to EPN species (Steinernema feltiea and Steinernema carpocapsae) viability and infectivity. Through leaf adherence tests, we selected Maxi mix as the best adjuvants for both EPN species. Thereafter, the best adjuvant + EPN mixtures were further used against L. botrana’s different life stages and setting: (i) L3 on fruit, (ii) L3 on leaf; and (iii) pupa on trunks (at 22º, 15º and 10ºC). Results showed that Maxi mix enhanced the control efficiency of EPN species against L. botrana L3 fruit and leaf setting, observing that the damage inflicted by L3 were lower than in with the water treatment, more evidently in the fruit study. However, these improvements were not attained in the control of the pupae, only determining the reduction of the virulence when the temperature were lower. Furthermore, in the compatibility tests against various agropesticides (Sonata, Azufre, Cobre, Ridomil and Flint). Azufre and Cobre could produce a negative impact to the viability and infectivity of the EPN S. feltiae. Finally, EPN bacteria showed a promising reduction of B. cinerea growth, more evidently in the species P. laumoundii. Overall, this study provided the settlement of the possible application of EPN in vineyards against L. botrana and probed that the derivate of their symbiont can also be powerful tools against the fungus B. cinerea.
EPN
Lobesia botrana
Secondary metabolite
Botrytis cinerea
Vineyards
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/37633