Influence of sex in mammal embryonic pluripotent cells differentiation

Sex chromosomes determine the genotypic and phenotypic difference associated with the sexes, as many species have evolved sex chromosomes that contain different and sometimes totally divergent genes; in mammals, these chromosomes are X and Y.Sex chromosomes determine the genotypic and phenotypic differences associated with the sexes, as many species have evolved sex chromosomes that contain different and sometimes totally divergent genes; in mammals, these chromosomes are X and Y. The male and female karyotypes differ in the sex chromosome pair, this difference results in a difference in gene expression, compensation of expression levels in the sexes thus resulting an essential process. XX embryos as well as XX ESCs, upon entering the differentiation stage, exhibit a mechanism of X-chromosome inactivation, which involves random silencing of one of the two X chromosomes present. This process results from different gene control and expression of genes involved in differentiation, genes involved in maintaining pluripotency, and genes expressed differently between the sexes. In this thesis are reported the published data on the differences between XX and XY in mESC, both transcriptionally and epigenetically.