Granulation is a process widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for the manufacture of capsules or tablets. It leads to the size enlargement of the powder particles allowing the improvement of the flow and compaction properties of the parent mixture. Among the different granulation techniques, the wet granulation process is the most used. In this type of granulation, a liquid binder is added to induce aggregation of the powder particles. Wet granulation could be performed on different instruments; therefore, the use of high-shear mixers may offer many advantages. Among the different advantages, the most relevant is the possibility of performing all the granulation steps on the same instrument, leading to a reduction in dustiness and the risk of cross-contamination and toxic exposure. The drying step can be performed in high shear mixers, if the instrument presents a heating jacket and a vacuum pump, or in other instruments like a ventilated oven or in fluid bed. The purpose of this research project is to evaluate the effect of the type of drying technique on the technological properties of granules and tablets. The two techniques considered were drying in a ventilated oven and inside the high shear mixer with the jacket and the vacuum pump. The formulations selected for this study contain a mixture of 40% (w/w) microcrystalline cellulose, 34% (w/w) lactose, 3% (w/w) polyvinylpyrrolidone K30, and 3% (w/w) sodium starch glycolate. The remaining 20% (w/w) of the formulations are constituted of three different actives (caffeine, paracetamol, or citric acid) that have different solubility in water and particle size. The study is started with a rheological characterization performed using a mixer torque rheometer to identify the amount of water necessary for granulation and to predict the growth mechanism. Granules were produced following a standard experimental procedure and dried in a ventilated oven or inside a high shear mixer. The obtained granules are characterized by sieve analysis to assess particle size distribution (PSD), content uniformity, flowability, tensile strength, and compression studies. Magnesium stearate and colloidal silica were then added to granules with a particle size lower than 500 m in order to produce tablets using different compression forces. Tablets were characterized by uniformity mass test, tensile strength measurement, and solid fraction evaluation. The tablets with a tensile strength of about 1 MPa were then characterized by mass and content uniformity tests, disintegration and dissolution tests. The results highlighted that drying inside the granulator allows for a drastic reduction in drying time. Furthermore, the type of drying can influence the technological characteristics of the granules, such as the particle size distribution and the tensile strength. As a consequence, tablets with different properties can be obtained.
La granulazione è un processo tecnologico molto utilizzato nell’industria farmaceutica per la produzione di forme farmaceutiche solide come capsule o compresse. Permette di ottenere un aumento delle dimensioni delle particelle di una miscela di polveri in modo da migliorarne le proprietà di scorrevolezza, compressione e permette di raggiungere una dimensione più omogenea delle stesse. Tra le diverse tecniche di granulazione, la più impiegata è la granulazione ad umido che consiste nell’aggiunta di un liquido legante in modo da indurre l’aggregazione delle particelle di polvere. Può essere condotta in apparecchiature high-shear mixers presentando diversi vantaggi quali l’uso di un unico strumento per tutte le fasi della granulazione (miscelazione, bagnatura, granulazione vera e propria), minore perdita di sostanze nell’ambiente e, di conseguenza, minore inquinamento. La fase di essicamento dei granulati invece può essere realizzata all’interno del granulatore stesso se dotato di una camicia e di una pompa a vuoto e su macchine separate quali stufe e letti fluidi. L’obiettivo di questo progetto di ricerca è quello di valutare l’effetto del tipo di essiccamento sulle caratteristiche dei granulati e delle compresse che si ottengono dalla loro compressione. In particolare, in questo lavoro di tesi sono stati presi in considerazione due metodi di essiccamento, l’essiccamento in stufa ventilata o all’interno del granulatore stesso. A tale scopo sono state selezionate tre formulazioni contenenti tutte come eccipienti una miscela costituita da 40% (m/m) di cellulosa microcristallina, il 34% (m/m) di lattosio, il 3% (m/m) di polivinilpirrolidone K30 e il 3% (m/m) di sodio amido glicolato. Le formulazioni contengono il 20% (m/m) di tre diversi principi attivi caratterizzati da solubilità e particle size diversi: paracetamolo, caffeina e acido citrico. Lo studio è iniziato con una caratterizzazione reologica tramite l’uso di un mixer torque rheometer al fine di determinare la quantità di acqua da utilizzare per la granulazione e per predire il meccanismo di crescita dei granulati durante il processo di granulazione. Per tutte le formulazioni sono stati realizzati i granulati ed essiccati con le due modalità selezionate e caratterizzati mediante determinazione di particle size distribution (PSD), uniformità di contenuto, scorrevolezza, durezza e comprimibilità. I granulati con particle size inferiore a 500 m sono stati miscelati con magnesio stearato e silice colloidale e usati per produrre compresse con diverse forze di compressione. Le compresse sono state caratterizzate mediante determinazione della tensile strength, e della solid fraction. Le compresse con una tensile strength di circa 1MPa sono state successivamente selezionate e caratterizzate tramite il saggio di uniformità di massa, il saggio di disaggregazione, il saggio di uniformità di contenuto ed infine il saggio di dissoluzione. I risultati ottenuti mettono in evidenza che l’essiccamento in pompa a vuoto permette una riduzione drastica del tempo di essiccamento. Il tipo di essiccamento può influenzare le caratteristiche tecnologiche dei granulati quali particle size distribution e tensile strenght andando poi a modificare di conseguenza le proprietà di compressione e le caratteristiche delle compresse prodotte.
Granulazione in high shear mixer: effetto del tipo di essiccamento sulle proprietà tecnologiche di granulati e compresse
BRESSAN, VALENTINA
2021/2022
Abstract
Granulation is a process widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for the manufacture of capsules or tablets. It leads to the size enlargement of the powder particles allowing the improvement of the flow and compaction properties of the parent mixture. Among the different granulation techniques, the wet granulation process is the most used. In this type of granulation, a liquid binder is added to induce aggregation of the powder particles. Wet granulation could be performed on different instruments; therefore, the use of high-shear mixers may offer many advantages. Among the different advantages, the most relevant is the possibility of performing all the granulation steps on the same instrument, leading to a reduction in dustiness and the risk of cross-contamination and toxic exposure. The drying step can be performed in high shear mixers, if the instrument presents a heating jacket and a vacuum pump, or in other instruments like a ventilated oven or in fluid bed. The purpose of this research project is to evaluate the effect of the type of drying technique on the technological properties of granules and tablets. The two techniques considered were drying in a ventilated oven and inside the high shear mixer with the jacket and the vacuum pump. The formulations selected for this study contain a mixture of 40% (w/w) microcrystalline cellulose, 34% (w/w) lactose, 3% (w/w) polyvinylpyrrolidone K30, and 3% (w/w) sodium starch glycolate. The remaining 20% (w/w) of the formulations are constituted of three different actives (caffeine, paracetamol, or citric acid) that have different solubility in water and particle size. The study is started with a rheological characterization performed using a mixer torque rheometer to identify the amount of water necessary for granulation and to predict the growth mechanism. Granules were produced following a standard experimental procedure and dried in a ventilated oven or inside a high shear mixer. The obtained granules are characterized by sieve analysis to assess particle size distribution (PSD), content uniformity, flowability, tensile strength, and compression studies. Magnesium stearate and colloidal silica were then added to granules with a particle size lower than 500 m in order to produce tablets using different compression forces. Tablets were characterized by uniformity mass test, tensile strength measurement, and solid fraction evaluation. The tablets with a tensile strength of about 1 MPa were then characterized by mass and content uniformity tests, disintegration and dissolution tests. The results highlighted that drying inside the granulator allows for a drastic reduction in drying time. Furthermore, the type of drying can influence the technological characteristics of the granules, such as the particle size distribution and the tensile strength. As a consequence, tablets with different properties can be obtained.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/42395