In the contest of immunotherapy, cancer vaccination based on mRNA encoding for tumor associated antigen (TAAs) and targeted to dendritic cells (DCs) has shown promising results. Nucleic acids internalization by antigen presenting cells (APCs) leads to the translation in the corresponding antigen, which is later processed and presented to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) to B and T lymphocytes. Among the most studied vectors for mRNA delivery, cationic polymers represent an interesting option. This thesis project focused on the evaluation and comparison of two previously synthesized polymers for the selective transport of mRNA to APCs. The studied polymers are formed by a polycationic blocks constituted by an agmatine (Agm) derivative for oligonucleotides complexation, and a second block constituted by a mannose (Man) derivative, which acts as a targeting agent for the mannose receptor (MR), expressed by DCs. Polymers characterized by a constant Agm:Man ratio, but different polymerization degree, were previously synthesised and analysed. Man29-b-Agm23 polymer was the one giving the most promising results in in vitro studies. In this thesis project, Man29-b-Agm23 was tested, and its activity compared to Man59-b-Agm27, which is characterized by a similar cationic chain length but doubles the number of mannose residues. This, hypothetically, should ensure a higher glycopolyplexes (GPPs) recognition and internalization by immune cells. The optimal molar ratio between nitrogen atoms presents in the polymer and phosphate group of nucleic acids (N/P ratio), selected to guarantee complete Ovalbumin mRNA (OVA mRNA) complexation, was determined by gel electrophoresis technique and was equal to 2 and 15 for Man59-b-Agm27 and Man29-b-Agm23, respectively. Dimension and colloidal stability of Man59-b-Agm27/OVA mRNA and Man29-b-Agm23/mOVA mRNA glycopolyplexis were analysed by DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering). Particles with a polydispersity index (PdI) of 0.304 and 0.272, a mean dimension of 126.7 ± 4.9 nm and 137.2 ± 10.11 were obtained and maintained for ca. 7 and 4 days in storage condition. Decomplexation studies, in presence of anionic competitors, were performed using Heparin (concentration range: 0.15-10 UI/mL). 4 and 2 UI/mL heparin concentration were needed to get mRNA initial displacement from the complexes Man59-b-Agm27 /OVA and Man29-b-Agm23/mOVA, respectively. Both concentrations were higher than the physiological one (0.15 IU/mL). Moreover, the chemical and physical stability of GPPs and the protective activity mediated against mRNA degradation were evaluated by gel electrophoresis technique, highlighting a higher stability and mRNA protection capability for Man59-b-Agm27 polymer. Good biocompatibility of both systems was ensured by cell viability studies (MTT assay) evaluated on CHO (Chinese hamster ovary cells, wild type) and CHO-MR+ (CHO genetically modified cells expressing the MR), with viability maintenance above 80%. Cellular association and transfection efficiency of the two polymers were assessed on the same cell lines at the previously selected N/P ratio. Association and transfection efficiency of GPPs were evaluated incubating cells for 4 h and quantified by flow cytometry at 4 h and 20 h after treatment. Both GPPs showed a selective association to MR-expressing cells. The formulation Man29-b-Agm23/Cy5-mRNA EGFP induced a 24-fold increase in EGFP protein expression (35.1% CHO-MR+ positive cells) compared to the positive control (PEI Cy5-mRNA EGFP), while Man59-b-Agm27/Cy5-mRNA EGFP only resulted in a 2.5-fold increase (3.5% CHO-MR+ positive cells). The results obtained by the flow cytometry were confirmed by confocal microscopy analysis.
In immunoterapia, la vaccinazione anticancro basata su mRNA che codifica per antigeni associati al tumore (TAAs) e direzionata alle cellule dendritiche (DCs) ha mostrato risultati promettenti. L’internalizzazione degli acidi nucleici da parte delle cellule presentanti l’antigene (APCs) determina la traduzione nel corrispondente antigene, che è processato e presentato tramite il complesso maggiore di istocompatibilità (MHC) a linfociti B e T. Tra i vettori utilizzati per il direzionamento di mRNA, i polimeri cationici rappresentano una opzione interessante. Questo progetto di tesi ha riguardato il confronto di due polimeri, precedentemente generati, per il trasporto selettivo di mRNA a APCs. I polimeri sono costituiti da un blocco policationico a base di un derivato di agmatina (Agm) per la condensazione dei nucleotidi, e da un blocco di unità di un derivato del mannosio (Man), che funge da agente direzionante al recettore del mannosio (MR) espresso da DCs. Negli studi precedenti sono stati sintetizzati e analizzati polimeri con un rapporto Agm:Man costante ma con crescente grado di polimerizzazione; il polimero Man29-b-Agm23 è risultato essere il più promettente negli studi in vitro. Nel seguente progetto di tesi, Man29-b-Agm23 è stato testato e paragonato con Man59-b-Agm27, il quale, a parità di lunghezza della porzione cationica del polimero, presenta una lunghezza doppia della porzione direzionante che dovrebbe garantire un migliore riconoscimento ed internalizzazione cellulare. Il rapporto molare ottimale tra gli azoti dei polimeri e i fosfati dell’acido nucleico (rapporto N/P) per garantire la completa complessazione dell’Ovalbumina mRNA (OVA mRNA), è stato determinato tramite gel elettroforesi ed è risultato essere pari a 2 per Man59-b-Agm27 e 15 per Man29-b-Agm23. Dimensione e stabilità colloidale dei glicopoliplessi (GPPs) a base di Man59-b-Agm27 e Man29-b-Agm23 sono state analizzate tramite DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering) mostrando, rispettivamente, particelle con un indice di polidispersione (PDI) di 0,304 e 0,272 e una dimensione media di 126,7 ± 4,9 nm e 137,23 ± 10,11 nm, le quali sono state mantenute per circa 7 e 4 giorni in condizioni di conservazione. Studi di decomplessazione in presenza di anioni competitori sono stati effettuati con eparina (0,15-10 UI/mL). Sono state necessarie concentrazione di eparina di almeno 4 e 2 UI/mL per indurre lo spiazzamento dell’mRNA dal complesso Man59-b-Agm27/OVA mRNA e Man29-b-Agm23/OVA mRNA, concentrazioni superiori a quella fisiologica (0,15 IU/mL). La stabilità fisica e chimica dei GPPs e la protezione esercitata nei confronti della degradazione di mRNA è stata valutata tramite gel elettroforesi, evidenziando una maggiore stabilità e capacità di protezione per il polimero Man59-b-Agm27. Una buona biocompatibilità dei sistemi è stata confermata da studi di vitalità cellulare in vitro (saggio MTT) su cellule modello CHO (cellule ovariche di criceto cinese, wild type) e CHO-MR+ (cellule CHO geneticamente modificate per esprimere MR) con una vitalità superiore all’80%. L’associazione cellulare e l’efficienza di trasfezione sono state valutate sulle medesime linee. L’associazione e l’efficienza di trasfezione di GPPs sono state valutate incubando le cellule per 4 h e quantificate tramite citometria a flusso a 0 h e 20 h post-trattamento. Un’associazione selettiva alle cellule esprimenti MR è stata osservata per entrambi i GPPs, mentre è stato rilevato un aumento di circa 24 volte dell’espressione della proteina EGFP per la formulazione Man29-b-Agm23/Cy5-mRNA EGFP (35,1% di cellule CHO-MR+ positive) rispetto al controllo positivo (PEI Cy5-mRNA EGFP, N/P 5), mentre i GPPs Man59-b-Agm27/Cy5-mRNA EGFP hanno mostrato un aumento solo di circa 2,5 volte (3,5 % di cellule CHO-MR+ positive). I risultati ottenuti con citofluorimetria sono stati confermati tramite analisi di microscopia confocale.
STUDIO IN VITRO DI GLICOPOLIPLESSI PER LA VEICOLAZIONE DIREZIONATA DI mRNA TERAPEUTICO
ZANCHI, JACOPO
2021/2022
Abstract
In the contest of immunotherapy, cancer vaccination based on mRNA encoding for tumor associated antigen (TAAs) and targeted to dendritic cells (DCs) has shown promising results. Nucleic acids internalization by antigen presenting cells (APCs) leads to the translation in the corresponding antigen, which is later processed and presented to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) to B and T lymphocytes. Among the most studied vectors for mRNA delivery, cationic polymers represent an interesting option. This thesis project focused on the evaluation and comparison of two previously synthesized polymers for the selective transport of mRNA to APCs. The studied polymers are formed by a polycationic blocks constituted by an agmatine (Agm) derivative for oligonucleotides complexation, and a second block constituted by a mannose (Man) derivative, which acts as a targeting agent for the mannose receptor (MR), expressed by DCs. Polymers characterized by a constant Agm:Man ratio, but different polymerization degree, were previously synthesised and analysed. Man29-b-Agm23 polymer was the one giving the most promising results in in vitro studies. In this thesis project, Man29-b-Agm23 was tested, and its activity compared to Man59-b-Agm27, which is characterized by a similar cationic chain length but doubles the number of mannose residues. This, hypothetically, should ensure a higher glycopolyplexes (GPPs) recognition and internalization by immune cells. The optimal molar ratio between nitrogen atoms presents in the polymer and phosphate group of nucleic acids (N/P ratio), selected to guarantee complete Ovalbumin mRNA (OVA mRNA) complexation, was determined by gel electrophoresis technique and was equal to 2 and 15 for Man59-b-Agm27 and Man29-b-Agm23, respectively. Dimension and colloidal stability of Man59-b-Agm27/OVA mRNA and Man29-b-Agm23/mOVA mRNA glycopolyplexis were analysed by DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering). Particles with a polydispersity index (PdI) of 0.304 and 0.272, a mean dimension of 126.7 ± 4.9 nm and 137.2 ± 10.11 were obtained and maintained for ca. 7 and 4 days in storage condition. Decomplexation studies, in presence of anionic competitors, were performed using Heparin (concentration range: 0.15-10 UI/mL). 4 and 2 UI/mL heparin concentration were needed to get mRNA initial displacement from the complexes Man59-b-Agm27 /OVA and Man29-b-Agm23/mOVA, respectively. Both concentrations were higher than the physiological one (0.15 IU/mL). Moreover, the chemical and physical stability of GPPs and the protective activity mediated against mRNA degradation were evaluated by gel electrophoresis technique, highlighting a higher stability and mRNA protection capability for Man59-b-Agm27 polymer. Good biocompatibility of both systems was ensured by cell viability studies (MTT assay) evaluated on CHO (Chinese hamster ovary cells, wild type) and CHO-MR+ (CHO genetically modified cells expressing the MR), with viability maintenance above 80%. Cellular association and transfection efficiency of the two polymers were assessed on the same cell lines at the previously selected N/P ratio. Association and transfection efficiency of GPPs were evaluated incubating cells for 4 h and quantified by flow cytometry at 4 h and 20 h after treatment. Both GPPs showed a selective association to MR-expressing cells. The formulation Man29-b-Agm23/Cy5-mRNA EGFP induced a 24-fold increase in EGFP protein expression (35.1% CHO-MR+ positive cells) compared to the positive control (PEI Cy5-mRNA EGFP), while Man59-b-Agm27/Cy5-mRNA EGFP only resulted in a 2.5-fold increase (3.5% CHO-MR+ positive cells). The results obtained by the flow cytometry were confirmed by confocal microscopy analysis.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/42431