My thesis concerns the problem of environmental pollution by poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances, collectively collected under the acronym PFAS and the implications of their diffusion in the forest environment. PFAS are molecules with low affinity for both the aqueous and hydrophobic phases, they are very persistent pollutants in the environment since the strong chemical bond between carbon and fluorine makes them non-biodegradable. Thanks to their chemical characteristics, produced for over sixty years, these substances have found wide application in many industrial sectors, but if released into the environment, PFAS are transported into water bodies and tend to accumulate in the soil at very variable concentrations depending on the molecules released but also on the characteristics of the environment. Contaminated water and soils are the main secondary sources of PFAS for plants and animals and once absorbed these substances enter and spread into the food web, impacting all living organisms, including humans. In Veneto, a large area between the provinces of Vicenza, Verona and Padua has been polluted by uncontrolled industrial discharges causing pollution of rivers, soils and vegetation, with significant impacts also on human health. In the area most affected by pollution, measures to protect human health have been implemented through the treatment of drinking water and screening of PFAS content in agri-food products has been implemented. On the other hand, no monitoring or protection measures are currently envisaged for forest or forest environments. In my thesis I deepen and discuss literature data on the mechanisms leading to PFAS accumulation in forest soils and plants, and illustrate examples of impacts on bee biology and honey contamination as an example of potential ecological impact in the forest environment. I conclude by pointing out that my literature research shows that studies of pollution and spread of PFAS in forest environments, the absorption of PFAS by forest plants and the potential impacts on forest ecosystems are still very few and that in the few existing studies rarely involve specialists in the forestry sector. Necessary professional figures who possess the skills to frame the possible environmental risks and propose the most suitable measures to protect the forest environment.
Il mio elaborato di tesi concerne il problema dell'inquinamento ambientale da sostanze poli- e perfluoroalchiliche, collettivamente raccolte sotto l'acronimo PFAS e le implicazioni della loro diffusione nell’ambiente forestale. Le PFAS sono molecole con bassa affinità sia per le fasi acquose sia idrofobiche; sono inquinanti molto persistenti nell'ambiente poiché il forte legame chimico tra carbonio e fluoro le rende non biodegradabili. Grazie alle loro caratteristiche chimiche, prodotte per oltre sessanta anni, tali sostanze hanno trovato vasta applicazione in tanti settori industriali, ma se disperse nell'ambiente, le PFAS sono trasportate nei corpi idrici e tendono ad accumularsi nel suolo a concentrazioni molto variabili a seconda delle molecole rilasciate e delle caratteristiche del contesto interessato dal fenomeno. Acque e suoli contaminati costituiscono le principali sorgenti secondarie di PFAS per le piante e gli animali e una volta assorbite tali sostanze entrano e si diffondono nella rete trofica, impattando tutti gli organismi viventi, incluso l'uomo. In Veneto, una vasta area compresa tra le provincie di Vicenza, Verona e Padova è stata inquinata da scarichi industriali incontrollati causando l'inquinamento di fiumi, suoli e vegetazione, con conseguenze rilevanti anche per la salute umana. Nella zona maggiormente colpita dall'inquinamento sono state attuate misure di protezione della salute umana attraverso il trattamento delle acque potabili e sono stati attuati screening del contenuto di PFAS nei prodotti agroalimentari. Invece nessuna misura di monitoraggio o di protezione è ad oggi prevista per gli ambienti boschivi o forestali. Nella mia tesi approfondisco e discuto dati di letteratura relativi ai meccanismi che portano all'accumulo di PFAS in suoli e piante forestali, ed illustro l’evoluzione dei sistemi di monitoraggio delle ripercussioni sulla biologia delle api e sulla contaminazione del miele, come esempio di potenziale impatto ecologico nell'ambiente forestale. Concludo sottolineando che la mia ricerca bibliografica mostra come gli studi di inquinamento e diffusione delle PFAS negli ambienti forestali, di assorbimento delle PFAS da parte di piante forestali e dei potenziali effetti sugli ecosistemi forestali siano ancora molto pochi e che nei pochi studi esistenti raramente coinvolgono specialisti del settore forestale. Queste figure professionali risultano essere necessarie poiché possiedono le competenze per inquadrare i possibili rischi ambientali e quindi per proporre le più adatte misure di protezione dell'ambiente forestale.
Diffusione di sostanze poli- e perfluoroalchiliche (PFAS) in ambiente forestale: accumulo nelle piante e possibili impatti
RENOSTO, IRENE
2022/2023
Abstract
My thesis concerns the problem of environmental pollution by poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances, collectively collected under the acronym PFAS and the implications of their diffusion in the forest environment. PFAS are molecules with low affinity for both the aqueous and hydrophobic phases, they are very persistent pollutants in the environment since the strong chemical bond between carbon and fluorine makes them non-biodegradable. Thanks to their chemical characteristics, produced for over sixty years, these substances have found wide application in many industrial sectors, but if released into the environment, PFAS are transported into water bodies and tend to accumulate in the soil at very variable concentrations depending on the molecules released but also on the characteristics of the environment. Contaminated water and soils are the main secondary sources of PFAS for plants and animals and once absorbed these substances enter and spread into the food web, impacting all living organisms, including humans. In Veneto, a large area between the provinces of Vicenza, Verona and Padua has been polluted by uncontrolled industrial discharges causing pollution of rivers, soils and vegetation, with significant impacts also on human health. In the area most affected by pollution, measures to protect human health have been implemented through the treatment of drinking water and screening of PFAS content in agri-food products has been implemented. On the other hand, no monitoring or protection measures are currently envisaged for forest or forest environments. In my thesis I deepen and discuss literature data on the mechanisms leading to PFAS accumulation in forest soils and plants, and illustrate examples of impacts on bee biology and honey contamination as an example of potential ecological impact in the forest environment. I conclude by pointing out that my literature research shows that studies of pollution and spread of PFAS in forest environments, the absorption of PFAS by forest plants and the potential impacts on forest ecosystems are still very few and that in the few existing studies rarely involve specialists in the forestry sector. Necessary professional figures who possess the skills to frame the possible environmental risks and propose the most suitable measures to protect the forest environment.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/42969