Gender-based violence is a phenomenon that affects 1 in 3 women worldwide every year and it is estimated that, globally, 30% of women have been victims of physical or psychological violence by their partners during their lifetime (Roesch, Amin, Gupta and García-Moreno, 2020). In particular, the increase in cases following forced imprisonment due to the pandemic by COVID-19 has highlighted the urgency of studying this phenomenon in order to implement effective primary, secondary and tertiary prevention strategies (WHO,2018). In fact, the implementation of effective interventions requires a thorough knowledge of the phenomenon and its causes (Reichel, 2017). Of the different forms of gender-based violence, we will deal in this paper on domestic violence where by this term we mean "all acts of physical, sexual, psychological or economic violence occurring within the family or household or between current or former spouses or partners, regardless of whether the author of such acts shares or has shared the same residence with the victim" (Istanbul Convention, 2011, p.3). The objective of this study is, through an analysis of reports and scientific reading on the subject, to analyze the spread of this phenomenon in different regions of the world, study the causes and the interventions put in place to combat violence with particular reference to arrest and primary, secondary and tertiary prevention strategies. The paper is divided into three chapters. In the first chapter, after a definition of the phenomenon of gender-based violence and domestic violence in particular, the subject of the study, the spread of this phenomenon in the world, in Europe and in Italy was investigated. The data were obtained from the report prepared by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2018, based on data collected between 2000 and 2018 through surveys and studies, while compared to our country, the data of the Ministry of Health were reported, Istat and the Central Directorate of the Criminal Police. In addition, an entire paragraph was devoted to the study of the increase in domestic violence during the pandemic by Covid-19, the data were obtained from the Istat survey conducted in 2020-2021 on the effect of the pandemic on gender-based violence published on 24 November 2021. In the second chapter, the causes of gender-based violence and domestic violence in particular and the risk factors at the interpersonal, community and social levels were studied. Finally, in the third chapter we have studied the preventive actions implemented to combat the phenomenon of domestic violence. In particular, in the first paragraph the deterrent power of the arrest has been studied, that is the influence of the arrest on the rates of recidivism. The second paragraph deals with the primary and secondary preventive actions that are carried out, where for secondary prevention, in the case of domestic violence, we indicate interventions that aim to prevent the development of violence in more severe forms (Murray and Graybeal, 2007). Tertiary prevention, on the other hand, with respect to the phenomenon of domestic violence, refers to interventions aimed at avoiding death or disability due to violence already underway (Murray and Graybeal, 2007). However, in order to eliminate this phenomenon at its origins, it is necessary to implement effective primary prevention strategies that act on the healthy population. That is why the last paragraph of the third chapter was devoted precisely to the primary prevention strategies put in place and the characteristics that must be present in order to be effective.
La violenza di genere è un fenomeno che colpisce 1 donna su 3 a livello mondiale ogni anno e si stima che, globalmente, il 30% delle donne sia stata vittima di violenza fisica o psicologica da parte del partner nel corso della sua vita (Roesch, Amin, Gupta e García-Moreno,2020). In particolare, l’incremento dei casi in seguito alla reclusione forzata dovuta alla pandemia da COVID-19 ha evidenziato l’urgenza di studiare tale fenomeno per poter mettere in atto strategie di prevenzione primaria, secondaria e terziaria efficaci (OMS,2018). Difatti, la messa in atto di interventi efficaci richiede una approfondita conoscenza del fenomeno e delle sue cause (Reichel, 2017). Delle diverse forme di violenza di genere, ci occuperemo in questo elaborato della violenza domestica dove con tale termine si intendono “tutti gli atti di violenza fisica, sessuale, psicologica o economica che si verificano all’interno della famiglia o del nucleo familiare o tra attuali o precedenti coniugi o partner, indipendentemente dal fatto che l’autore di tali atti condivida o abbia condiviso la stessa residenza con la vittima” (Convenzione di Istanbul, 2011, p.3). L’obiettivo di tale studio è, attraverso un’analisi dei report e della lettura scientifica sul tema, analizzare la diffusione di tale fenomeno nelle diverse regioni del mondo, studiarne le cause e gli interventi messi in atto per contrastare la violenza con particolare riferimento all’arresto e alle strategie di prevenzione primaria, secondaria e terziaria. L’elaborato si articola in tre capitoli. Nel primo capitolo, dopo una definizione del fenomeno della violenza di genere e della violenza domestica in particolare, oggetto di studio dell’elaborato, si è indagata la diffusione di tale fenomeno nel mondo, in Europa e in Italia. I dati sono stati ottenuti dal report redatto dall’Organizzazione mondiale della sanità (OMS) nel 2018, basandosi sui dati raccolti tra il 2000 e il 2018 attraverso indagini e studi, mentre rispetto al nostro Paese, si sono riportati i dati del Ministero della Salute, Istat e della Direzione Centrale della Polizia Criminale. Inoltre, un intero paragrafo è stato dedicato allo studio dell’incremento della violenza domestica durante la pandemia da Covid-19, i dati si sono ricavati dall’indagine Istat condotta nel biennio 2020-2021 sull’effetto della pandemia sulla violenza di genere pubblicata il 24 novembre 2021. Nel secondo capitolo, si sono invece studiate le cause della violenza di genere e della violenza domestica in particolare e i fattori di rischio a livello interpersonale, comunitario e sociale. Infine, nel terzo capitolo ci si è occupati di studiare le azioni preventive messe in atto per contrastare il fenomeno della violenza domestica. In particolare, nel primo paragrafo si è studiato il potere deterrente dell’arresto, ovvero si è analizzata l’influenza dell’arresto sui tassi di recidiva. Nel secondo paragrafo ci si è occupati invece di studiare le azioni preventive primarie e secondarie che vengono messe in atto, dove per prevenzione secondaria, nel caso di violenza domestica, indichiamo interventi che hanno lo scopo di prevenire lo sviluppo della violenza in forme più severe (Murray e Graybeal, 2007). Con il termine prevenzione terziaria invece, rispetto al fenomeno della violenza domestica, si intendono interventi volti ad evitare la morte o la disabilità dovute alla violenza già in corso (Murray e Graybeal, 2007). Al fine però di eliminare tale fenomeno alle sue origini è necessario implementare strategie di prevenzione primaria efficaci, che agiscano sulla popolazione sana. Per questo l’ultimo paragrafo del terzo capitolo è stato appunto dedicato alle strategie di prevenzione primaria messe in atto e alle caratteristiche che devono presentare per poter essere efficaci.
Un’analisi psicosociale del fenomeno della violenza sulle donne in un’ottica di prevenzione
BOVO, GIULIA
2022/2023
Abstract
Gender-based violence is a phenomenon that affects 1 in 3 women worldwide every year and it is estimated that, globally, 30% of women have been victims of physical or psychological violence by their partners during their lifetime (Roesch, Amin, Gupta and García-Moreno, 2020). In particular, the increase in cases following forced imprisonment due to the pandemic by COVID-19 has highlighted the urgency of studying this phenomenon in order to implement effective primary, secondary and tertiary prevention strategies (WHO,2018). In fact, the implementation of effective interventions requires a thorough knowledge of the phenomenon and its causes (Reichel, 2017). Of the different forms of gender-based violence, we will deal in this paper on domestic violence where by this term we mean "all acts of physical, sexual, psychological or economic violence occurring within the family or household or between current or former spouses or partners, regardless of whether the author of such acts shares or has shared the same residence with the victim" (Istanbul Convention, 2011, p.3). The objective of this study is, through an analysis of reports and scientific reading on the subject, to analyze the spread of this phenomenon in different regions of the world, study the causes and the interventions put in place to combat violence with particular reference to arrest and primary, secondary and tertiary prevention strategies. The paper is divided into three chapters. In the first chapter, after a definition of the phenomenon of gender-based violence and domestic violence in particular, the subject of the study, the spread of this phenomenon in the world, in Europe and in Italy was investigated. The data were obtained from the report prepared by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2018, based on data collected between 2000 and 2018 through surveys and studies, while compared to our country, the data of the Ministry of Health were reported, Istat and the Central Directorate of the Criminal Police. In addition, an entire paragraph was devoted to the study of the increase in domestic violence during the pandemic by Covid-19, the data were obtained from the Istat survey conducted in 2020-2021 on the effect of the pandemic on gender-based violence published on 24 November 2021. In the second chapter, the causes of gender-based violence and domestic violence in particular and the risk factors at the interpersonal, community and social levels were studied. Finally, in the third chapter we have studied the preventive actions implemented to combat the phenomenon of domestic violence. In particular, in the first paragraph the deterrent power of the arrest has been studied, that is the influence of the arrest on the rates of recidivism. The second paragraph deals with the primary and secondary preventive actions that are carried out, where for secondary prevention, in the case of domestic violence, we indicate interventions that aim to prevent the development of violence in more severe forms (Murray and Graybeal, 2007). Tertiary prevention, on the other hand, with respect to the phenomenon of domestic violence, refers to interventions aimed at avoiding death or disability due to violence already underway (Murray and Graybeal, 2007). However, in order to eliminate this phenomenon at its origins, it is necessary to implement effective primary prevention strategies that act on the healthy population. That is why the last paragraph of the third chapter was devoted precisely to the primary prevention strategies put in place and the characteristics that must be present in order to be effective.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/43266