The purpose of the thesis conducted was not only to create a three-dimensional model of the building that is now the headquarters of the Institute for Lightweight Structures (Ilek) at the University of Stuttgart, but also to understand the geometric genesis that led to the realization of such a peculiar form: that is, to try to retrace the reasoning of the German engineer and architect Frei Otto through the various experiments and models, which allowed him to become thoroughly acquainted with the concept of minimum surface area. He was among the earliest figures who, interpreting the new cultural and social issues of the time, not only picked up the innovative environmental message, but approached design research by confronting the natural world and in particular biology. One of his main merits, from an engineering point of view, is that he approached the problem of tensile roofing organizations and space delimitations, seeking to simplify the edge elements. In 1964, Frei Otto won the competition for the German Pavilion at Expo 1967 in Montreal. It was in this context that the structure that is the subject of this thesis was built in 1966: a full-scale construction test of the German Pavilion in Montreal, in order to test the assembly process and installation of the various components. In 1968 the structure was converted into the building we see today and placed on the Vaihingen campus of the University of Stuttgart. The structure of the Ilek Institute consists of a 50 x 50 cm uniform mesh prefabricated with 12 mm thick twisted spiral ropes. The mesh is tensioned by twelve tension rods (two major and ten minor) and is supported by a central mast consisting of a galvanized steel tube with a diameter of 42 cm. Rhinoceros, Grasshopper, Kangaroo, Autocad and Revit software were used to create the 3-D model. Thanks to the first three, it was possible to model the roof surface as a real stretched membrane: constraints in different directions were defined and the central point to be raised was determined. By managing "elasticity" and number of subdivisions of the membrane, it was possible to generate a mesh as faithful as possible to the real surface. With the help of Autocad to facilitate "reading" the mesh, the design was then exported to Revit. Using "masses," "curtain sysytem," and "roof by face," it was possible to make the starting surface the roof of the model. The final result was rendered with Enscape. The ILEK institute is the evidence that traditional methods of representation are inappropriate for capturing the details of more complex forms; thus, more modern methods of three-dimensional modeling come into play, thanks to which, even if with legitimate limitations, the spatial idea of the designer is made accessible to any person who wants to approach the project even without going there personally. From a practical point of view, as well, these resources would certainly have helped the Frei Otto team in the construction phase, avoiding errors and wastes that were bound to occur. This opens up, therefore, a new way of approaching the architectural discipline, both from the point of view of amateurs and specialists: on the one hand, technological progress offers sensations, with renderings or augmented reality, but on the other hand it contains specific technical data that can support technicians in their work.
L’obiettivo della tesi svolta è stato non solo quello di creare un modello tridimensionale dell’edificio oggi sede dell’ istituto per le strutture leggere (Ilek) presso l’Università di Stoccarda, ma anche quello di capire la genesi geometrica che ha portato alla realizzazione di una forma così peculiare: cercare cioè, di ripercorrere il ragionamento dell’ingegnere e architetto tedesco Frei Otto attraverso i diversi esperimenti e modelli, che gli hanno permesso di conoscere a fondo il concetto di superficie minima. Egli è stato tra i primi personaggi che, interpretando le nuove problematiche culturali e sociali del tempo, non solo raccolse l'innovativo messaggio ambientale, ma affrontò la ricerca progettuale confrontandosi con il mondo naturale ed in particolare con la biologia. Uno dei suoi meriti principali, dal punto di vista ingegneristico, consiste nell'aver affrontato il problema delle organizzazioni tensostrutturali di coperture e delle delimitazioni degli spazi, cercando di essenzializzare gli elementi di bordo. Nel 1964, Frei Otto vinse il concorso per il Padiglione tedesco all'Expo 1967 di Montreal. Proprio in questo contesto, nel 1966 venne realizzata la struttura oggetto di questa tesi: si tratta di una prova di costruzione a scala reale del padiglione tedesco di Montreal, al fine di testare il processo di assemblaggio e l’installazione delle varie componenti. Nel 1968 la struttura fu convertita nell’edificio che vediamo oggi e posizionata nel campus di Vaihingen dell’Università di Stoccarda. La struttura dell’Istituto Ilek è composta da una rete a maglia uniforme 50 x 50 cm prefabbricata con funi a spirale intrecciate spesse 12 mm. La rete è tenuta in tensione da dodici tiranti (due maggiori e dieci minori) ed è sostenuta da un pilastro centrale costituito da un tubo in acciaio zincato con un diametro di 42 cm. Per la creazione del modello tridimensionale sono stati utilizzati i software Rhinoceros, Grasshopper, Kangaroo, Autocad e Revit. Grazie ai primi tre, è stato possibile modellare la superficie della copertura come una vera e propria membrana tesa: sono stati definiti i vincoli nelle diverse direzioni ed è stato determinato il punto centrale da sollevare. Gestendo “elasticità” e numero di suddivisioni della membrana è stato possibile generare una mesh il più fedele possibile alla superficie reale. Con l’ausilio di Autocad per facilitare la “lettura” della mesh, è stato poi esportato il progetto su Revit. Utilizzando “masse”, “curtain sysytem” e “roof by face” è stato possibile fare della superficie di partenza la copertura del modello. Il risultato finale è stato renderizzato con Enscape. L’istituto ILEK è la prova che i metodi di rappresentazione tradizionali sono inadeguati a catturare i dettagli di forme più complesse; entrano in gioco, quindi, metodi più moderni di modellazione tridimensionale grazie ai quali, seppur con i legittimi limiti, si rende accessibile l’idea spaziale del progettista a qualsiasi persona che voglia avvicinarsi al progetto anche senza recarvisi personalmente. Anche dal punto di vista pratico, queste risorse avrebbero sicuramente aiutato il team di Frei Otto nella fase di costruzione, evitando errori e sprechi che per forza di cose si sono verificati. Si apre, così, un nuovo modo di affrontare la disciplina architettonica, sia dal punto di vista degli appassionati, che da quello dei professionisti: il progresso tecnologico offre da una parte sensazioni, con dei render o con la realtà aumentata, ma dall’altra contiene dati tecnici specifici in grado di supportare gli specialisti nel proprio lavoro.
Istituto per le Strutture Leggere, Università di Stoccarda
MAZZON, VITTORIO
2022/2023
Abstract
The purpose of the thesis conducted was not only to create a three-dimensional model of the building that is now the headquarters of the Institute for Lightweight Structures (Ilek) at the University of Stuttgart, but also to understand the geometric genesis that led to the realization of such a peculiar form: that is, to try to retrace the reasoning of the German engineer and architect Frei Otto through the various experiments and models, which allowed him to become thoroughly acquainted with the concept of minimum surface area. He was among the earliest figures who, interpreting the new cultural and social issues of the time, not only picked up the innovative environmental message, but approached design research by confronting the natural world and in particular biology. One of his main merits, from an engineering point of view, is that he approached the problem of tensile roofing organizations and space delimitations, seeking to simplify the edge elements. In 1964, Frei Otto won the competition for the German Pavilion at Expo 1967 in Montreal. It was in this context that the structure that is the subject of this thesis was built in 1966: a full-scale construction test of the German Pavilion in Montreal, in order to test the assembly process and installation of the various components. In 1968 the structure was converted into the building we see today and placed on the Vaihingen campus of the University of Stuttgart. The structure of the Ilek Institute consists of a 50 x 50 cm uniform mesh prefabricated with 12 mm thick twisted spiral ropes. The mesh is tensioned by twelve tension rods (two major and ten minor) and is supported by a central mast consisting of a galvanized steel tube with a diameter of 42 cm. Rhinoceros, Grasshopper, Kangaroo, Autocad and Revit software were used to create the 3-D model. Thanks to the first three, it was possible to model the roof surface as a real stretched membrane: constraints in different directions were defined and the central point to be raised was determined. By managing "elasticity" and number of subdivisions of the membrane, it was possible to generate a mesh as faithful as possible to the real surface. With the help of Autocad to facilitate "reading" the mesh, the design was then exported to Revit. Using "masses," "curtain sysytem," and "roof by face," it was possible to make the starting surface the roof of the model. The final result was rendered with Enscape. The ILEK institute is the evidence that traditional methods of representation are inappropriate for capturing the details of more complex forms; thus, more modern methods of three-dimensional modeling come into play, thanks to which, even if with legitimate limitations, the spatial idea of the designer is made accessible to any person who wants to approach the project even without going there personally. From a practical point of view, as well, these resources would certainly have helped the Frei Otto team in the construction phase, avoiding errors and wastes that were bound to occur. This opens up, therefore, a new way of approaching the architectural discipline, both from the point of view of amateurs and specialists: on the one hand, technological progress offers sensations, with renderings or augmented reality, but on the other hand it contains specific technical data that can support technicians in their work.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/43405