Background of the study: Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) is an abnormal phospholipid that is formed in the presence of ethanol in the blood, and it is stored in membranes of red blood cells. This analyte has already demonstrated greater sensitivity and specificity than other markers of alcohol consumption, making it a promising marker of alcohol intake with multiple possible areas of application, including toxicological-forensic. Purpose of the study: The aim of this work is to understand whether it is currently possible the application of blood PEth quantification in the general population to provide detection of at-risk alcohol consumption. Materials and Methods: The work is a systematic review of the Literature conducted according to the criteria included in the PRISMA guide. The preliminary research, carried out on the PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases, about the use of the PEth biomarker to detect the hazardous alcohol consumption. Articles were evaluated according to inclusion and exclusion criteria aimed at selecting only English-language articles that evaluated the biomarker in a general population. Their quality was assessed according to the JBI critical appraisal checklist for case-control and cohort analytic studies. For each selected study, available data were extracted from the full-text. Results: The initial literature research yielded the identification of 2106 articles. From these, after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 17 (0.81% of the total) were finally selected. On the basis of their data, the performance of the PEth was compared with the instruments commonly used nowadays in clinical settings to identify the presence of hazardous/harmful drinking, dividing these between questionnaires (AUDIT/AUDIT-C, TLFB and M.I.N.I.) and biomarkers, both indirect (ALT, AST and GGT, CDT, MCV) and direct (EtG). PEth proved to be a marker with high concordance in the capacity to identify hazardous/harmful drinking, especially with the AUDIT and AUDIT-C, i.e., the two main questionnaires of clinical use for case-identification. Moreover, it proved to be a superior marker in terms of sensitivity and specificity compared to indirect markers (ALT, AST, GGT, MCV) and at least comparable in terms of results to the main direct marker, i.e., EtG. Conclusions: This work has confirmed the validity of PEth for the identification of hazardous alcohol consumption, demonstrating that it has high specificity and sensitivity, superior to that of other tools currently used in the clinic for this purpose. It remains the necessity to proceed with further research aimed at identifying valid and applicable cut-off values in the general population, as there is still no universally agreement.
Background o presupposti dello studio: Il fosfatidiletanolo (PEth) è un fosfolipide di membrana anomalo che si forma in presenza di etanolo nel sangue. Questo analita si è già dimostrato dotato di una maggiore sensibilità e specificità rispetto ad altri marcatori di consumo alcolico, rendendolo un promettente marcatore di assunzione di alcol con plurimi possibili campi di applicazione, tra cui quello tossicologico-forense. Scopo dello studio: L’obiettivo di questo lavoro è comprendere se sia attualmente possibile applicare la quantificazione del PEth ematico nella popolazione generale per consentire l’individuazione di un consumo alcolico a rischio. Materiali e metodi: Il lavoro è una revisione sistematica della Letteratura condotta seguendo i criteri inclusi nella guida PRISMA. È stata effettuata una ricerca, sulle banche dati PubMed, Web of Science e Scopus, riguardo l’utilizzo del PEth come biomarcatore per identificare il consumo di alcol a rischio per la salute. Gli articoli sono stati valutati secondo criteri di inclusione ed esclusione che hanno permesso di selezionare i soli articoli in lingua inglese che ne valutavano l’applicazione in una popolazione generale. La qualità di questi ultimi è stata valutata secondo la checklist JBI critical appraisal per gli studi analitici caso-controllo e di coorte. Per ogni studio selezionato, sono stati estratti i dati disponibili dal full-text. Risultati: L’iniziale ricerca della Letteratura ha portato all’identificazione di 2106 articoli. Da questi, dopo l’applicazione dei criteri di inclusione e di esclusione, ne sono stati selezionati 17 (0,81% del totale). Sulla base dei dati di questi ultimi, sono state confrontate le performance del PEth rispetto agli strumenti ad oggi comunemente utilizzati in ambito clinico per identificare la presenza di un consumo di alcol a rischio, dividendo questi ultimi tra questionari (AUDIT/AUDIT-C, TLFB e M.I.N.I.) e biomarcatori, sia indiretti (ALT, AST e GGT, CDT, MCV) che diretti (EtG). Il PEth si è dimostrato un marcatore dotato di un'elevata concordanza nella capacità di identificare un consumo “a rischio” di alcol considerando l'AUDIT e l'AUDIT-C, ovvero i due principali questionari d’uso clinico per la stratificazione del rischio. Inoltre, si è rivelato un marcatore superiore, in termini di sensibilità e specificità, rispetto ai marcatori indiretti (ALT, AST, GGT, MCV) e almeno comparabile in termini di risultati al principale marcatore diretto, cioè l'EtG. Conclusioni: Questo lavoro ha confermato la validità del PEth nell’identificare un consumo alcolico a rischio per la salute, dimostrandosi dotato di elevata specificità e sensibilità, superiore a quella di altri strumenti attualmente utilizzati in clinica a questo scopo. Rimane ferma la necessità di procedere con ulteriori ricerche volte ad individuare valori di cut-off validi e applicabili in una popolazione generale, in quanto non esiste ancora un valore universalmente condiviso.
Determinazione ematica del fosfatidiletanolo quale marcatore di esposizione ad etanolo. Revisione sistematica della letteratura.
CERETTA, ARIANNA
2022/2023
Abstract
Background of the study: Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) is an abnormal phospholipid that is formed in the presence of ethanol in the blood, and it is stored in membranes of red blood cells. This analyte has already demonstrated greater sensitivity and specificity than other markers of alcohol consumption, making it a promising marker of alcohol intake with multiple possible areas of application, including toxicological-forensic. Purpose of the study: The aim of this work is to understand whether it is currently possible the application of blood PEth quantification in the general population to provide detection of at-risk alcohol consumption. Materials and Methods: The work is a systematic review of the Literature conducted according to the criteria included in the PRISMA guide. The preliminary research, carried out on the PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases, about the use of the PEth biomarker to detect the hazardous alcohol consumption. Articles were evaluated according to inclusion and exclusion criteria aimed at selecting only English-language articles that evaluated the biomarker in a general population. Their quality was assessed according to the JBI critical appraisal checklist for case-control and cohort analytic studies. For each selected study, available data were extracted from the full-text. Results: The initial literature research yielded the identification of 2106 articles. From these, after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 17 (0.81% of the total) were finally selected. On the basis of their data, the performance of the PEth was compared with the instruments commonly used nowadays in clinical settings to identify the presence of hazardous/harmful drinking, dividing these between questionnaires (AUDIT/AUDIT-C, TLFB and M.I.N.I.) and biomarkers, both indirect (ALT, AST and GGT, CDT, MCV) and direct (EtG). PEth proved to be a marker with high concordance in the capacity to identify hazardous/harmful drinking, especially with the AUDIT and AUDIT-C, i.e., the two main questionnaires of clinical use for case-identification. Moreover, it proved to be a superior marker in terms of sensitivity and specificity compared to indirect markers (ALT, AST, GGT, MCV) and at least comparable in terms of results to the main direct marker, i.e., EtG. Conclusions: This work has confirmed the validity of PEth for the identification of hazardous alcohol consumption, demonstrating that it has high specificity and sensitivity, superior to that of other tools currently used in the clinic for this purpose. It remains the necessity to proceed with further research aimed at identifying valid and applicable cut-off values in the general population, as there is still no universally agreement.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/46669