Background: The traditional pacemaker with right ventricular apical pacing (RVAP) lead placement remains the mainstay for the treatment of bradyarrhythmias. However, there is growing evidence of the possible deleterious effects that this pacing site can cause in terms of electrical desynchronization (QRS prolongation caused by pacing-induced left bundle branch block) and mechanical alteration (reduction of the left ventricular ejection fraction or LVEF) which in the long term can lead to pacemaker induced cardiomyopathy (PICM). With the use of the biventricular pacemaker (BiVP), capable of producing a rapid contraction of the left ventricle and a greater interventricular synchrony useful in cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), a certainly better result has been obtained compared to RVAP, even if it results in a non-physiological activation pattern. A promising solution to this problem is the direct stimulation of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart, whose representative par excellence is pacing at the level of the bundle of His (His Bundle Pacing, HBP); given the technical limitations of the HBP (both procedural-related and pacing site-related), it is not possible to obtain a safe physiological stimulation in all patients, so pacing of the left bundle branch area has recently been introduced (LBBaP), featured by a simpler implant technique and improved lead electrical parameters (threshold and sensing). Within this group, three different pacing sites are described: LBBP (Left bundle branch pacing), LBFP (Left bundle fascicular pacing), and LVSP (Left ventricular septal pacing). Objectives: The aim of the study is to compare HBP and LVSP techniques in terms of implant success rate, procedure and fluoroscopy times, lead electrical parameters (capture and sensing threshold), and hemodynamics in terms of LVEF recovery. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective observational study that recruited 51 consecutive patients: 35 implanted with HBP and 16 with LVSP; patients were followed up in the pacemaker outpatient clinic at six months and one year, collecting echocardiographic data, capture thresholds, and sensing. Results: The mean HBP lead implant success rate is 68.6% while that of LVSP is 100%; procedure and fluoroscopy time differed in a non-statistically significant way between the two study groups. The capture thresholds (which are satisfactory and stable for both techniques) are significantly higher in the HBP group than in the LVSP both at implant (1.24 vs. 0.55 V; p < 0.002) and at the end of the follow-up period (1.38 V vs. 0.58 V; p < 0.01). In addition, a similar increase in LVEF was observed for both pacing systems when comparing ejection fraction at implant and at the end of the follow-up (HBP: 40% vs. 46%, p = 0.47; LVSP: 40% vs. 48%, p = 0.45), despite a QRS duration (LVSP: 136 ± 7 ms; HBP: 127 ± 17 ms; p = 0.032) and left ventricular activation time (LVAT) that were longer in the LVSP group (LVSP: 100 ± 15 ms; HBP: 60 ± 5 ms; p < 0.035). Conclusions: LVSP is better than HBP in terms of implantation success while being associated, at the same time, with a safe and simple technique; LVSP obtains, after the implant, hemodynamic benefits comparable to HBP despite a greater electrical desynchronization evidenced by longer QRS and LVAT. In addition, the improved electrical parameters of the lead (reduced capture thresholds and high sensing of ventricular potentials) allow for longer battery life and easier pacemaker programming, resulting in a simpler and safer follow-up. For these reasons, the LVSP emerges as a viable and comparable alternative to the HBP.
Background: Il pacemaker tradizionale con posizionamento dell’elettrocatetere a livello dell’apice del ventricolo destro (Right Ventricular Apical Pacing, RVAP), rimane il pilastro per il trattamento delle bradiaritmie. È tuttavia cresciuta l’evidenza dei possibili effetti deleteri che tale sito di pacing provoca in termini di desincronizzazione elettrica (prolungamento del QRS per il blocco di branca sinistro indotto dalla stimolazione) e alterazione meccanica (riduzione della frazione di eiezione del ventricolo sinistro o LVEF) che a lungo termine possono esitare nella cardiomiopatia indotta da pacemaker (PICM). Con l’impiego del pacemaker biventricolare (BiVP), in grado di produrre una contrazione rapida del ventricolo sinistro e una maggior sincronia interventricolare utile nella terapia di resincronizzazione cardiaca (CRT), si è ottenuto un risultato certamente migliore rispetto al RVAP, tuttavia portando comunque ad un pattern di attivazione non fisiologico. Una soluzione promettente a questo problema è la stimolazione diretta del sistema di conduzione intrinseco del cuore, il cui rappresentante per eccellenza è il pacing a livello del fascio di His (His Bundle Pacing, HBP); dati i limiti tecnici del HBP (sia di procedura, sia legati al sito di pacing), non è possibile ottenere una stimolazione fisiologica sicura in tutti i pazienti, per cui è stato introdotto recentemente il pacing dell’area di branca di sinistra (Left Bundle Branch Area Pacing, LBBaP), caratterizzato da una tecnica di impianto più semplice e da migliori parametri elettrici dell’elettrocatetere (soglia e sensing). All’interno di questo gruppo si descrivono tre differenti stimolazioni: LBBP (Left bundle branch pacing), LBFP (Left bundle fascicular pacing) e LVSP (Left ventricular septal pacing). Scopo dello studio: Lo scopo dello studio è confrontare le tecniche di HBP e LVSP in termini di frequenza di successo dell’impianto, tempi di procedura e fluoroscopia, parametri elettrici dell’elettrocatetere (soglia di cattura e sensing) ed emodinamici in termini di recupero della LVEF. Materiali e metodi: Questo è uno studio osservazionale retrospettivo che ha reclutato 51 pazienti consecutivi: 35 impiantati con HBP e 16 con LVSP; i pazienti sono stati seguiti nell’ambulatorio pacemaker a sei mesi e un anno e sono stati raccolti i dati ecocardiografici, le soglie di cattura e il sensing. Risultati: La frequenza di successo dell’impianto dell’elettrocatetere HBP è del 68.6% mentre per LVSP è del 100%; il tempo di procedura e di fluoroscopia sono diversi in maniera non statisticamente significativa tra i due gruppi di studio. Le soglie di cattura (risultate soddisfacenti e stabili per entrambe le tecniche) sono più alte nel gruppo HBP rispetto a LVSP sia all’impianto (1.24 vs. 0.55 V; p < 0.002) che al follow-up (1.38 V vs. 0.58 V; p < 0.01). Si è infine osservato un miglioramento sovrapponibile della LVEF comparando i valori all’impianto e alla fine del follow-up (HBP: 40% vs. 46%, p = 0.47; LVSP: 40% vs. 48%, p = 0.45), nonostante una durata del QRS (LVSP: 136 ± 7 ms; HBP: 127 ± 17 ms; p = 0.032) e un tempo di attivazione ventricolare sinistra o LVAT (LVSP: 100 ± 15 ms; HBP: 60 ± 5 ms; p < 0.035) più lunghi nel gruppo LVSP. Conclusioni: Il LVSP risulta migliore rispetto al HBP in termini di successo di impianto associandosi, allo stesso tempo, ad una tecnica sicura e semplice; dopo l’impianto, ottiene benefici emodinamici paragonabili al HBP nonostante una maggior desincronizzazione elettrica evidenziata da QRS e LVAT più lunghi. Inoltre, i migliori parametri elettrici di elettrocatetere (ridotte soglie di cattura e alto sensing dei potenziali ventricolari) permettono una maggior durata della batteria e una maggior maneggevolezza nella programmazione del pacemaker traducendosi in un follow-up più semplice e sicuro. Per queste ragioni, il LVSP emerge come una valida e comparabile alternativa al HBP.
La stimolazione fisiologica nel trattamento delle bradiaritmie e nella terapia di resincronizzazione cardiaca: un’esperienza monocentrica
MARMAI, ALBERTO
2022/2023
Abstract
Background: The traditional pacemaker with right ventricular apical pacing (RVAP) lead placement remains the mainstay for the treatment of bradyarrhythmias. However, there is growing evidence of the possible deleterious effects that this pacing site can cause in terms of electrical desynchronization (QRS prolongation caused by pacing-induced left bundle branch block) and mechanical alteration (reduction of the left ventricular ejection fraction or LVEF) which in the long term can lead to pacemaker induced cardiomyopathy (PICM). With the use of the biventricular pacemaker (BiVP), capable of producing a rapid contraction of the left ventricle and a greater interventricular synchrony useful in cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), a certainly better result has been obtained compared to RVAP, even if it results in a non-physiological activation pattern. A promising solution to this problem is the direct stimulation of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart, whose representative par excellence is pacing at the level of the bundle of His (His Bundle Pacing, HBP); given the technical limitations of the HBP (both procedural-related and pacing site-related), it is not possible to obtain a safe physiological stimulation in all patients, so pacing of the left bundle branch area has recently been introduced (LBBaP), featured by a simpler implant technique and improved lead electrical parameters (threshold and sensing). Within this group, three different pacing sites are described: LBBP (Left bundle branch pacing), LBFP (Left bundle fascicular pacing), and LVSP (Left ventricular septal pacing). Objectives: The aim of the study is to compare HBP and LVSP techniques in terms of implant success rate, procedure and fluoroscopy times, lead electrical parameters (capture and sensing threshold), and hemodynamics in terms of LVEF recovery. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective observational study that recruited 51 consecutive patients: 35 implanted with HBP and 16 with LVSP; patients were followed up in the pacemaker outpatient clinic at six months and one year, collecting echocardiographic data, capture thresholds, and sensing. Results: The mean HBP lead implant success rate is 68.6% while that of LVSP is 100%; procedure and fluoroscopy time differed in a non-statistically significant way between the two study groups. The capture thresholds (which are satisfactory and stable for both techniques) are significantly higher in the HBP group than in the LVSP both at implant (1.24 vs. 0.55 V; p < 0.002) and at the end of the follow-up period (1.38 V vs. 0.58 V; p < 0.01). In addition, a similar increase in LVEF was observed for both pacing systems when comparing ejection fraction at implant and at the end of the follow-up (HBP: 40% vs. 46%, p = 0.47; LVSP: 40% vs. 48%, p = 0.45), despite a QRS duration (LVSP: 136 ± 7 ms; HBP: 127 ± 17 ms; p = 0.032) and left ventricular activation time (LVAT) that were longer in the LVSP group (LVSP: 100 ± 15 ms; HBP: 60 ± 5 ms; p < 0.035). Conclusions: LVSP is better than HBP in terms of implantation success while being associated, at the same time, with a safe and simple technique; LVSP obtains, after the implant, hemodynamic benefits comparable to HBP despite a greater electrical desynchronization evidenced by longer QRS and LVAT. In addition, the improved electrical parameters of the lead (reduced capture thresholds and high sensing of ventricular potentials) allow for longer battery life and easier pacemaker programming, resulting in a simpler and safer follow-up. For these reasons, the LVSP emerges as a viable and comparable alternative to the HBP.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/47003