Background: endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) is an invasive diagnostic technique used to diagnose heart muscle diseases. It can be performed both on the right (RV) and left ventricle (LV). LV-EMB is less common than RV-EMB but can give different information on the diagnosis and help the clinician in the therapy definition. Scope: to evaluate the usefulness of LV EMB and biventricular (BIV) EMB and the correlations between the clinical features and the histologic alterations in patients from the cardiological centres of Ancona and Monzino. Materials e methods: to evaluate patients belonging to 5 different clinical diag-nostic categories who underwent either electroanatomic voltage mapping (EVM) or cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) (myocarditis, LV isolated scar, arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy - ACM and dilated cardiomyopathy - DCM) who underwent LV EMB. Of each patient, a set of clinical data and histological fea-tures were collected and analysed to research for clinical and pathological corre-lations. Results: Among the 116 biopsies, 2 (1.7%) did not present any alteration and 15 (12.9%) presented only alterations of unclear significance. All patients with histologically confirmed myocarditis (3.4%) had a clinical suspicion of myocarditis. In patients with a diagnosis of ACM or DCM, histological changes were higher (fibrosis, cardiomyopathic alterations and vacuolisations), than in patients with a diagnosis of myocarditis or LV isolated scar (for fibrosis p value=0,05; for cardiomyopathic alterations p value=0,1; for vacuolisations p value=0,26). The presence of fibrosis correlated significantly with repolarisation changes (odds ratio 3.26) and LV dilation (odds ratio 3.10). The presence of fibrofatty substitution correlated significantly with episodes of VT or VF (odds ratio 5,77). The presence of cardiomyopathic changes correlated significantly with ejection reduction (EF) reduction (odds ratio 3.71), LV dilation (odds ratio 2.76), episodes of ventricular tachycardia (VT) or fibrillation (VF) (odds ratio 2.66) and positive EVM (odds ratio 2.56). The presence of vacuolisations correlated significantly with EF reduction (odds ratio 3.59), LV dilation (odds ratio 2.32) and episodes of VT or VF (odds ratio 2.65). Endocardial fibrous thickening correlated significantly with premature ventricular beats (PVB) at ECG Holter analysis (odds ratio 2.95) and with a positive EVM (5.94). There is no correlation between the histological presence of fibrosis and a positive EVM or LGE on LV EMB. When evaluating patients with fibrosis, the percentage of fibrosis is higher in those with a positive subendocardial or transmural LGE and in those with a positive unipolar EVM. By analysing patients with a diagnosis of ACM or DCM, the cardiomyocytes mean diameter in patients with DCM was significantly higher (22.9 µm) than in patients belonging to other clinical categories (20.3 µm) (p=0,008) Conclusions: LV EMB can be useful to confirm the clinical diagnosis. Clinic-pathologic correlations must be further investigated, especially regarding the impact of endocardial thickening and the presence of cardiomyopathic changes. The absence of correlation between fibrosis and EVM and LGE might suggest that guided EMB does not increase the diagnostic yield of the procedure due to the uncommon presence of transmural LGE. According to our data, LV-EMB is usually not specific for clinical categories but might help in the diagnostic work up.
Background: La biopsia endomiocardica (BEM) è una tecnica diagnostica invasiva utilizzata per la diagnosi di numerose patologie cardiache. Si può eseguire sia a livello del ventricolo destro (VD) che sinistro (VS). L’utilizzo della BEM del VS è meno comune rispetto a quella del VD ma potrebbe fornire informazioni diverse dal punto di vista diagnostico ed aiutare il clinico nelle scelte terapeutiche. Scopo: Valutare l’utilità della BEM del VS e biventricolare (BIV) e le correlazioni tra la diagnosi clinica e le alterazioni microscopiche in pazienti provenienti dai centri cardiologici di riferimento di Ancona e Monzino. Materiali e metodi: valutazione di pazienti sottoposti a BEM del VS e a mappaggio elettroanatomico (electroanatomic voltage mapping EVM) o risonanza magnetica nucleare (CMR) appartenenti a varie categorie diagnostiche cliniche: miocardite, cicatrice sinistra isolata, cardiomiopatia aritmogena-ACM, cardiomiopatia ipertrofica e cardiomiopatia dilatativa-DCM. Di ciascun paziente sono stati raccolti i dati clinici e istologici, rivalutando ciascuna delle BEM al microscopio ottico. I dati sono stati poi analizzati con un software statistico e valutate le correlazioni tra clinica e istologia. Risultati: in un totale di 116 pazienti che rispondevano ai criteri di inclusione, 2 (1,7%) non presentavano alcun tipo di alterazioni, mentre 15 (12,9%) presentavano solo alterazioni di non chiaro significato. Tutti i pazienti con miocardite confermata istologicamente (3,4%) avevano anche un sospetto clinico di miocardite. Nei pazienti con diagnosi clinica di ACM o DCM erano mediamente presenti un maggior numero di alterazioni istologiche (presenza di fibrosi, alterazioni cardiomiopatiche e vacuolizzazioni) rispetto ai pazienti con miocardite e cicatrice sinistra isolata (fibrosi p value=0,05; alterazioni cardiomiopatiche p value=0,1; vacuolizzazioni p value=0,26). La presenza di fibrosi correla significativamente con la presenza di alterazioni della ripolarizzazione (odds ratio 3,26) e con la dilatazione del VS (odds ratio 3,10). La fibroadiposi correla significativa-mente con episodi di tachicardia o fibrillazione ventricolare (TV o FV) (odds ratio 5,77). La presenza di alterazioni cardiomiopatiche correla con la riduzione della FE (odds ratio 3,71), con la dilatazione del VS (odds ratio 2,76), con episodi di TV o FV (odds ratio 2,66) e con la presenza di EVM positivo (odds ratio 2,56). La presenza di vacuolizzazioni si correla significativamente con la riduzione della FE (odds ratio 3,59), con la dilatazione del VS (odds ratio 2,32) e con episodi di TV o FV (odds ratio 2,65). L’ispessimento endocardico correla significativamente con la presenza di battiti extrasistolici ventricolari (BEV) all’Holter (odds ratio 2,95), con EVM positivo (odds ratio 5,94). La presenza o assenza di fibrosi non correla con la presenza assoluta di LGE positivo o EVM positivo. Nei pazienti che presentano fibrosi la percentuale di quest’ultima è maggiore nei casi di LGE subendocardico e transmurale e nel caso di un EVM unipolare positivo. Dall’analisi dei pazienti con sospetta DCM e ACM risulta che i pazienti con sospetta DCM hanno dei diametri dei cardiomiociti significativamente maggiori (22,9 µm) rispetto agli altri pazienti dello studio (20,3 micron) (p=0,008). Conclusioni: Il valore clinico e fisiopatologico delle correlazioni individuate deve esse-re indagato da ulteriori studi, in particolare a riguardo dell’impatto dell’ispessimento endocardico e delle alterazioni cardiomiopatiche. La mancata correlazione tra fibrosi e la presenza di LGE permette di supporre che la BEM del VS guidata da CMR o EVM non porti ad un aumento del potere diagnostico per la rara presenza di transmuralità. Nell’esperienza del nostro studio la BEM del VS molto spesso non è specifica per categorie cliniche prestabilite ma aiuta a migliorare l’inquadramento diagnostico del paziente.
La biopsia endomiocardica del ventricolo sinistro: ruolo nel percorso diagnostico delle cardiomiopatie.
VALLE, FILIPPO
2022/2023
Abstract
Background: endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) is an invasive diagnostic technique used to diagnose heart muscle diseases. It can be performed both on the right (RV) and left ventricle (LV). LV-EMB is less common than RV-EMB but can give different information on the diagnosis and help the clinician in the therapy definition. Scope: to evaluate the usefulness of LV EMB and biventricular (BIV) EMB and the correlations between the clinical features and the histologic alterations in patients from the cardiological centres of Ancona and Monzino. Materials e methods: to evaluate patients belonging to 5 different clinical diag-nostic categories who underwent either electroanatomic voltage mapping (EVM) or cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) (myocarditis, LV isolated scar, arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy - ACM and dilated cardiomyopathy - DCM) who underwent LV EMB. Of each patient, a set of clinical data and histological fea-tures were collected and analysed to research for clinical and pathological corre-lations. Results: Among the 116 biopsies, 2 (1.7%) did not present any alteration and 15 (12.9%) presented only alterations of unclear significance. All patients with histologically confirmed myocarditis (3.4%) had a clinical suspicion of myocarditis. In patients with a diagnosis of ACM or DCM, histological changes were higher (fibrosis, cardiomyopathic alterations and vacuolisations), than in patients with a diagnosis of myocarditis or LV isolated scar (for fibrosis p value=0,05; for cardiomyopathic alterations p value=0,1; for vacuolisations p value=0,26). The presence of fibrosis correlated significantly with repolarisation changes (odds ratio 3.26) and LV dilation (odds ratio 3.10). The presence of fibrofatty substitution correlated significantly with episodes of VT or VF (odds ratio 5,77). The presence of cardiomyopathic changes correlated significantly with ejection reduction (EF) reduction (odds ratio 3.71), LV dilation (odds ratio 2.76), episodes of ventricular tachycardia (VT) or fibrillation (VF) (odds ratio 2.66) and positive EVM (odds ratio 2.56). The presence of vacuolisations correlated significantly with EF reduction (odds ratio 3.59), LV dilation (odds ratio 2.32) and episodes of VT or VF (odds ratio 2.65). Endocardial fibrous thickening correlated significantly with premature ventricular beats (PVB) at ECG Holter analysis (odds ratio 2.95) and with a positive EVM (5.94). There is no correlation between the histological presence of fibrosis and a positive EVM or LGE on LV EMB. When evaluating patients with fibrosis, the percentage of fibrosis is higher in those with a positive subendocardial or transmural LGE and in those with a positive unipolar EVM. By analysing patients with a diagnosis of ACM or DCM, the cardiomyocytes mean diameter in patients with DCM was significantly higher (22.9 µm) than in patients belonging to other clinical categories (20.3 µm) (p=0,008) Conclusions: LV EMB can be useful to confirm the clinical diagnosis. Clinic-pathologic correlations must be further investigated, especially regarding the impact of endocardial thickening and the presence of cardiomyopathic changes. The absence of correlation between fibrosis and EVM and LGE might suggest that guided EMB does not increase the diagnostic yield of the procedure due to the uncommon presence of transmural LGE. According to our data, LV-EMB is usually not specific for clinical categories but might help in the diagnostic work up.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/47037