AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and predictors of extrahepatic progression in patients with HCC treated with first-line TACE. Additionally, since tumor burden is a well-known prognostic factor, we evaluated the tumor burden score (TBS), a parameter combining the size of the largest nodule and the number of tumor lesions in the Pythagorean formula TBS = √ [(maximum tumor diameter)2 + (number of tumors)2], as a risk factor for extrahepatic metastasis in these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients treated with first-line TACE were selected from the multicentric ITA.LI.CA (Italian Liver Cancer) database, resulting in a cohort of 890 patients. Subsequently, we divided our population into two groups based on a TBS cut-off identified using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Youden J test. The primary outcome of the study was time-to-extrahepatic progression. Other analyzed outcomes of interest included the rate of HCC progression after TACE, extrahepatic progression rate (EHP), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were used to assess the risk factors associated with extrahepatic metastasis. RESULTS: Using the TBS cutoff derived from the ROC analysis and Youden J test (3.6), the population was divided into two groups: TBS low (TBS-L, TBS ≤ 3.6, n=415) and TBS high (TBS-H, TBS > 3.6, n=475). The progression rate after TACE was 75.6% without differences between the two groups. In patients with high TBS, progression-free survival (PFS) was significantly lower compared to patients with low TBS (9.0 vs. 12.6 months; p<0.001). Patients in the high TBS group demonstrated a significantly higher risk of extrahepatic progression both at the first recurrence episode (p<0.001) and during the entire follow-up (p<0.001), while such a role of TBS in intrahepatic progression risk has not been highlighted. The management of recurrence (both intrahepatic and extrahepatic) differed (p=0.003) between the two groups. Despite most patients undergoing TACE again (56.8% overall and 26.6% patients with EHP), there was a higher utilization of potentially curative treatments for the low TBS group. Independent predictors of extrahepatic progression in the multivariate analysis at the first recurrence episode were high TBS (HR 3.58, 95% CI 1.74-7.37), AFP levels (HR 4.29, 95% CI 1.76-10.45), and radiological response (HR 6.68, 95% CI 3.09-14.44). Similarly, independent predictors of extrahepatic progression during the entire follow-up period were ECOG ≥1 (HR 1.51, 95% CI 1.05-2.17), high TBS (HR 2.33, 95% CI 1.68-3.24), AFP levels (HR 2.42, 95% CI 1.41-4.16), and radiological response (HR 2.39, 95% CI 1.58-3.60). Furthermore, overall survival was significantly lower in patients with high TBS compared to those with lower tumor burden (32.9 vs. 59.7 months; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Metastatic progression in patients treated with first-line TACE is a rare event, particularly when considering the first episode of progression after treatment. TBS is a useful tool for stratifying the risk of extrahepatic progression and has been shown to be an independent predictor of metastasis both at the first recurrence episode and during the follow-up. Additional predictors of extrahepatic progression were pre-treatment AFP levels and radiological response. Moreover, patients with higher TBS present inferior overall survival. Tumor burden (summarized in this study with a simple parameter, the tumor burden score) should be considered in the choice of therapeutic strategy and in the decision regarding follow-up timing, which should be shorter for patients with high TBS to promptly initiate the most appropriate treatment.
Lo scopo dello studio è stato quello di determinare l’incidenza ed i predittori di progressione extra-epatica nei pazienti con HCC trattati in prima linea con TACE. Inoltre, visto che il carico tumorale (tumor burden) è un noto fattore prognostico, abbiamo valutato il tumor burden score (TBS), un parametro che combina le dimensioni del nodulo di maggiori dimensioni ed il numero di lesioni tumorali nella formula pitagorica TBS = [(diametro massimo del tumore)2 + (numero di tumori)2], come fattore di rischio di metastasi extraepatiche in questi pazienti. Dal database multicentrico ITA.LI.CA (Italian Liver Cancer) sono stati selezionati i pazienti trattati con TACE in prima linea, ottenendo una coorte di 890 pazienti. Successivamente abbiamo diviso la nostra popolazione in due gruppi basandoci su un cut-off di TBS individuato mediante il metodo della curva ROC e dello Youden J test. L’outcome principale dello studio è stato il time-to-extrahepatic progression (EHP). Altri outcome di interesse analizzati sono stati il tasso di progressione dell’HCC dopo TACE, il tasso di EHP, il progression-free survival (PFS) e l’overall survival (OS). Attraverso un modello di regressione di Cox univariato e multivariato abbiamo valutato quali sono i fattori di rischio associati alla metastatizzazione extraepatica. Utilizzando il cut-off di TBS derivato mediante analisi ROC e Youden J test (3.6), la popolazione è stata divisa in due gruppi: TBS low (TBS-L, TBS ≤ 3.6, n=415) e TBS high (TBS-H, TBS > 3.6, n=475). Il tasso di progressione dopo TACE si è dimostrato del 75.6%, senza differenze tra i due gruppi. Nei pazienti con TBS-H la progression-free survival (PFS) si è dimostrata significativamente inferiore rispetto ai pazienti con TBS-L (9.0 vs. 12.6 mesi; p<0.001). I pazienti nel gruppo TBS-H hanno dimostrato un rischio di avere progressione extraepatica significativamente superiore sia al primo episodio di ricorrenza (p<0.001) che durante tutto il follow-up (p<0.001) mentre non è stato evidenziato tale ruolo del TBS nel rischio di progressione intraepatica. La gestione terapeutica della ricorrenza (sia intraepatica che extraepatica) è stata diversa (p=0.003) tra i due gruppi, nonostante la maggior parte dei pazienti sia stata sottoposta nuovamente alla TACE (56.8% del totale e 26.6% dei pazienti con EHP), si è osservato un maggior utilizzo di trattamenti potenzialmente curativi per il gruppo TBS-L. I predittori indipendenti di progressione extraepatica all’analisi multivariata al primo episodio di ricorrenza sono il TBS-H (HR 3.58, 95% CI 1.74-7.37), i valori di AFP (HR 4.29, 95% CI 1.76-10.45) e la risposta radiologica (HR 6.68, 95% CI 3.09-14.44). Analogamente, i predittori indipendenti di progressione extraepatica durante tutto il periodo di follow up sono l’ECOG ≥1 (HR 1.51, 95% CI 1.05-2.17), il TBS-H (HR 2.33, 95% CI 1.68-3.24), i valori di AFP (HR 2.42, 95% CI 1.41-4.16) e la risposta radiologica (HR 2.39, 95% CI 1.58-3.60). Inoltre, la sopravvivenza globale si è dimostrata significativamente inferiore nei pazienti con TBS-H rispetto ai pazienti con minor carico tumorale (32.9 vs. 59.7 mesi; p< 0.001). CONCLUSIONI: La progressione metastatica nei pazienti trattati con TACE in prima linea è un evento poco frequente, specie se si considera il primo episodio di progressione dopo il trattamento. Il TBS è uno strumento utile nello stratificare il rischio di progressione extraepatica e si è rivelato essere un predittore indipendente di metastatizzazione sia al primo episodio di progressione che durante il follow-up. Ulteriori predittori di progressione extraepatica sono risultati essere i livelli di AFP prima del trattamento e la risposta radiologica. Inoltre, i pazienti con TBS maggiore presentano una sopravvivenza globale inferiore. Il TBS è un fattore da considerare nella scelta della strategia terapeutica e tempistiche di follow-up, che dovrebbe essere più stretto nei pazienti con TBS-H.
Fattori predittivi di recidiva extraepatica dopo chemioembolizzazione trans-arteriosa come terapia di prima linea per carcinoma epatocellulare
CECCATO, LEONARDO
2022/2023
Abstract
AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and predictors of extrahepatic progression in patients with HCC treated with first-line TACE. Additionally, since tumor burden is a well-known prognostic factor, we evaluated the tumor burden score (TBS), a parameter combining the size of the largest nodule and the number of tumor lesions in the Pythagorean formula TBS = √ [(maximum tumor diameter)2 + (number of tumors)2], as a risk factor for extrahepatic metastasis in these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients treated with first-line TACE were selected from the multicentric ITA.LI.CA (Italian Liver Cancer) database, resulting in a cohort of 890 patients. Subsequently, we divided our population into two groups based on a TBS cut-off identified using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Youden J test. The primary outcome of the study was time-to-extrahepatic progression. Other analyzed outcomes of interest included the rate of HCC progression after TACE, extrahepatic progression rate (EHP), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were used to assess the risk factors associated with extrahepatic metastasis. RESULTS: Using the TBS cutoff derived from the ROC analysis and Youden J test (3.6), the population was divided into two groups: TBS low (TBS-L, TBS ≤ 3.6, n=415) and TBS high (TBS-H, TBS > 3.6, n=475). The progression rate after TACE was 75.6% without differences between the two groups. In patients with high TBS, progression-free survival (PFS) was significantly lower compared to patients with low TBS (9.0 vs. 12.6 months; p<0.001). Patients in the high TBS group demonstrated a significantly higher risk of extrahepatic progression both at the first recurrence episode (p<0.001) and during the entire follow-up (p<0.001), while such a role of TBS in intrahepatic progression risk has not been highlighted. The management of recurrence (both intrahepatic and extrahepatic) differed (p=0.003) between the two groups. Despite most patients undergoing TACE again (56.8% overall and 26.6% patients with EHP), there was a higher utilization of potentially curative treatments for the low TBS group. Independent predictors of extrahepatic progression in the multivariate analysis at the first recurrence episode were high TBS (HR 3.58, 95% CI 1.74-7.37), AFP levels (HR 4.29, 95% CI 1.76-10.45), and radiological response (HR 6.68, 95% CI 3.09-14.44). Similarly, independent predictors of extrahepatic progression during the entire follow-up period were ECOG ≥1 (HR 1.51, 95% CI 1.05-2.17), high TBS (HR 2.33, 95% CI 1.68-3.24), AFP levels (HR 2.42, 95% CI 1.41-4.16), and radiological response (HR 2.39, 95% CI 1.58-3.60). Furthermore, overall survival was significantly lower in patients with high TBS compared to those with lower tumor burden (32.9 vs. 59.7 months; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Metastatic progression in patients treated with first-line TACE is a rare event, particularly when considering the first episode of progression after treatment. TBS is a useful tool for stratifying the risk of extrahepatic progression and has been shown to be an independent predictor of metastasis both at the first recurrence episode and during the follow-up. Additional predictors of extrahepatic progression were pre-treatment AFP levels and radiological response. Moreover, patients with higher TBS present inferior overall survival. Tumor burden (summarized in this study with a simple parameter, the tumor burden score) should be considered in the choice of therapeutic strategy and in the decision regarding follow-up timing, which should be shorter for patients with high TBS to promptly initiate the most appropriate treatment.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/47045