Background: The identification of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) in the early stages might be challenging, as demonstrated by the long diagnostic delay (on average 10 years) in the majority of patients. The differential diagnosis, especially with other α-synucleinopathies, may also be difficult. In multiple system atrophy (MSA), non-motor features, predominant at disease onset, may be indistinguishable from other α-synucleinopathies. Moreover, with the rise of personalized medicine, new prognostic and predictive markers are needed in order to assess disease progression. Aim of the study: To define the possible role of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and skin biopsy as biomarkers in the early diagnosis and follow-up of PD and MSA. To validate OCT and skin biopsy as possible tools in the differential diagnosis of α-synucleinopathies. Methods: OCT was performed in patients with PD, MSA and in healthy controls (HC). PD and MSA patients were clinically evaluated with, respectively, MDS-UPDRS and UMSARS scores in order to assess disease severity and with COMPASS 31 to estimate autonomic dysfunction. Pathological subgroups (PD and MSA) also underwent skin biopsy, analyzed both via immunohistochemistry (IHC) and real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC). Results: We analyzed OCT scans from 24 PD patients, 12 MSA patients and 10 HCs. The number of hyperreflective foci (HRF), a potential marker for microglial activation, was significantly greater in the pathological subgroups (PD>MSA) than in the HCs. IHC detection of α-syn in skin punch biopsies was able to identify diseased subjects with good sensitivity (71% in PD and 67% in MSA). RT-QuIC scores of PD patients showed a linear correlation with both disease severity (UPDRS II, UPDRS III, UPDRS total score) and autonomic symptoms (orthostatic hypotension and genitourinary domains of the validated COMPASS 31 scale). Conclusion: HRF are significantly increased in pathological subgroups (PD>MSA). IHC detection of α-syn in skin punch biopsies showed good sensitivity. RT-QuIC scores correlate with both disease severity and autonomic symptoms. It can be concluded that both OCT and skin biopsy can be considered potential biomarkers in the early diagnosis and follow-up of α-synucleinopathies.
Presupposti: Come dimostrato dal lungo ritardo diagnostico (in media 10 anni), le prime fasi della malattia di Parkinson (PD) sono difficili da identificare. Anche la diagnosi differenziale di tale malattia, soprattutto con altre α-sinucleinopatie, può risultare complessa, soprattutto in fase precoce. Nell’atrofia multisistemica (MSA), la presentazione clinica con sintomi prevalentemente non-motori all’esordio della malattia può essere indistinguibile da quella di altre α-sinucleinopatie. Inoltre, con l’avvento della medicina personalizzata, emerge la necessità di trovare dei predittori prognostici per poter valutare la progressione della malattia in ogni paziente. Scopo dello studio: Definire il possibile ruolo della tomografia a coerenza ottica (OCT) e della biopsia di cute come biomarkers nella diagnosi precoce e nel follow-up di PD e MSA. Validare OCT e biopsia di cute come strumenti nella diagnosi differenziale delle α-sinucleinopatie. Materiali e metodi: Pazienti con PD, MSA e controlli sani (HC) sono stati sottoposti a OCT. I pazienti con PD e MSA, inoltre, sono stati valutati clinicamente usando le scale, rispettivamente, MDS-UPDRS e UMSARS per determinare il grado di malattia e con la scala COMPASS 31 per la stima della disautonomia e sono stati sopposti a biopsia di cute analizzata sia con immunoistochimica (IHC) che con real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC). Risultati: Abbiamo analizzato le scansioni OCT di 24 pazienti PD, 12 pazienti MSA e 10 HC. Il numero di foci iperriflettenti retinici (HRF), un potenziale marker di attivazione della microglia, è risultato significativamente maggiore nei sottogruppi patologici (PD>MSA) rispetto agli HC. Il rilevamento tramite IHC di α-syn nelle biopsie di cute è stato in grado di identificare i soggetti malati con buona sensibilità (71% in PD e 67% in MSA). I punteggi RT-QuIC dei pazienti con PD hanno mostrato una correlazione lineare sia con la gravità della malattia (UPDRS II, UPDRS III, punteggio totale UPDRS) che con i sintomi autonomici (domini relativi a ipotensione ortostatica e sintomi genitourinari della scala validata COMPASS 31). Conclusioni: Gli HRF sono significativamente aumentati nei sottogruppi patologici (PD>MSA). La biopsia di cute analizzata tramite IHC mostra buona sensibilità. Gli score RT-QuIC correlano con grado di malattia e sintomi autonomici. Si può, dunque, concludere che sia l'OCT che la biopsia cutanea possono essere considerati potenziali biomarkers nella diagnosi precoce e nel follow-up delle α-sinucleinopatie.
The role of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and skin biopsy in the diagnosis and follow-up of Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy: looking for possible early biomarkers
MACCARI, BEATRICE
2022/2023
Abstract
Background: The identification of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) in the early stages might be challenging, as demonstrated by the long diagnostic delay (on average 10 years) in the majority of patients. The differential diagnosis, especially with other α-synucleinopathies, may also be difficult. In multiple system atrophy (MSA), non-motor features, predominant at disease onset, may be indistinguishable from other α-synucleinopathies. Moreover, with the rise of personalized medicine, new prognostic and predictive markers are needed in order to assess disease progression. Aim of the study: To define the possible role of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and skin biopsy as biomarkers in the early diagnosis and follow-up of PD and MSA. To validate OCT and skin biopsy as possible tools in the differential diagnosis of α-synucleinopathies. Methods: OCT was performed in patients with PD, MSA and in healthy controls (HC). PD and MSA patients were clinically evaluated with, respectively, MDS-UPDRS and UMSARS scores in order to assess disease severity and with COMPASS 31 to estimate autonomic dysfunction. Pathological subgroups (PD and MSA) also underwent skin biopsy, analyzed both via immunohistochemistry (IHC) and real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC). Results: We analyzed OCT scans from 24 PD patients, 12 MSA patients and 10 HCs. The number of hyperreflective foci (HRF), a potential marker for microglial activation, was significantly greater in the pathological subgroups (PD>MSA) than in the HCs. IHC detection of α-syn in skin punch biopsies was able to identify diseased subjects with good sensitivity (71% in PD and 67% in MSA). RT-QuIC scores of PD patients showed a linear correlation with both disease severity (UPDRS II, UPDRS III, UPDRS total score) and autonomic symptoms (orthostatic hypotension and genitourinary domains of the validated COMPASS 31 scale). Conclusion: HRF are significantly increased in pathological subgroups (PD>MSA). IHC detection of α-syn in skin punch biopsies showed good sensitivity. RT-QuIC scores correlate with both disease severity and autonomic symptoms. It can be concluded that both OCT and skin biopsy can be considered potential biomarkers in the early diagnosis and follow-up of α-synucleinopathies.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/47404