Background The Ross operation represents the gold standard for the surgery correction of congenital aortic stenosis due to its possibility of growing along with the children, its excellent hemodynamic characteristics, and the fact that it does not require anticoagulant therapy. The disadvantage of this technique is the need for reintervention because of the establishment, in the long term, of valvular insufficiency caused by the dilatation of the autograft subjected to systemic pressure. To date, techniques to contain the dilatation of the autograft through nonabsorbable materials are being researched. Aim of the study The major aim of this study is evaluating the structural adaptation of the pulmonary root reinforced by a nonresorbable material (Gore-Tex®) to systemic pressure in a murine model. Materials and methods Four groups were included in this experimental study. Two of them underwent transplantation of the pulmonary root and the other two were sham operated. In the transplant groups, the pulmonary root from synergistic donors was implanted at the level of the infra-renal aorta of Lewis rats, with or without reinforcement through a Gore-Tex® conduit. Control groups underwent only surgical stress by resection and subsequent anastomosis of the infrarenal aorta, with or without reinforcement through a Gore-Tex® conduit. Follow-up was done by means of performing serial ultrasound one week, one month (except in the sham group without reinforcement) and two months after surgery. For each group, a part of the animals was sacrificed at one week and the remaining part at two months after surgery. The pulmonary root underwent histopathological studies. Results A total of 84 animals were involved in this study, 23 of which underwent transplantation without reinforcement with a median weight of 347 g, 8 of which underwent transplantation with reinforcement with a median weight of 337 g, 11 of which underwent sham operation without reinforcement with a median weight of 382 g, 11 of which underwent sham operation with reinforcement with a median weight of 269 g and 31 were graft donor with a median weight of 243 g. Echocardiographic analysis proved a statistically significant increase in the diameter measured at the graft level in the transplant group without reinforcement between the one-week and the two-month ultrasounds (3.20 (3.09-4.00) mm vs. 3.80 (3.64-4.27) mm; p=0.02), while the graft diameter in the transplant group with reinforcement remained constant over the three ultrasounds. The pulse wave velocity (PWV) value was statistically higher in the transplant group with reinforcement than in the transplant group without it in the two-month ultrasound (6.32 (5.63-7.02) m/s vs 3.77 (3.00-4.50) m/s; p=0.04). On histopathological analysis, the thickness of myointimal hyperplasia in the two-month samples was found to be statistically lower in the transplant group with reinforcement than in the transplant group without it (61.42 ± 78.11 μm vs 162.71 ± 161.80 μm; p=0.04). The cellular composition of the myointimal portion, characterized on immunohistochemical analysis by α-SMA, vWF and iNOS-positive cells, was the same among the transplantation group with reinforcement, the transplantation group without reinforcement and the sham group with reinforcement. Finally, the percentage of fibrosis in the pulmonary valve wall with reinforcement was found to be higher than in the group without reinforcement, particularly in the adventitia.
Presupposti dello studio Allo stato attuale il gold standard per il trattamento della stenosi aortica congenita è rappresentato dall’intervento di Ross, che consiste nella sostituzione valvolare aortica con un autograft polmonare. I vantaggi di questa tecnica sono rappresentati dalla possibilità dell’autograft di crescere assieme al bambino, dalle sue caratteristiche emodinamiche eccellenti e dal non richiedere una terapia anticoagulante. Il limite di questa tecnica è la frequente necessità di un re-intervento in seguito all’instaurarsi, nel lungo termine, di un’insufficienza valvolare causata dalla dilatazione dell’autograft sottoposto alla pressione sistemica. Sono ad oggi in corso degli studi per lo sviluppo di tecniche di contenimento alla dilatazione dell’autograft mediante rinforzi in materiale non riassorbibile. Scopo dello studio L’obiettivo dello studio è valutare le modificazioni strutturali della radice polmonare sottoposta a pressione sistemica e rinforzata da un condotto in materiale non riassorbibile (Gore-Tex®) in un modello murino. Materiali e metodi Nella sperimentazione rientrano quattro gruppi di studio, due sottoposti a trapianto e due gruppi sham operated. Nei gruppi trapianto è stata impiantata la radice polmonare da donatori sinergici a livello dell’aorta infra-renale di ratti Lewis, con o senza il rinforzo attraverso un condotto in Gore-Tex®. I gruppi controllo sono stati sottoposti soltanto allo stress chirurgico mediante resezione e successiva anastomosi dell’aorta infra-renale, con o senza il rinforzo mediante condotto in Gore-Tex®. Il follow-up si è svolto mediante l’esecuzione di ecografie seriate a distanza di una settimana, di un mese (tranne nel gruppo sham senza rinforzo) e di due mesi dall’intervento. Per ogni gruppo, una parte di animali è stata sacrificata ad una settimana e la restante parte a due mesi. La radice polmonare è stata sottoposta a studi istopatologici. Risultati Nello studio sono stati coinvolti un totale di 84 animali, di cui 23 sottoposti a trapianto senza rinforzo con un peso mediano di 347 g, 8 a trapianto con rinforzo con un peso mediano di 337 g, 11 all’intervento sham senza rinforzo con un peso mediano di 382 g, 11 all’intervento sham con rinforzo con un peso mediano di 269 g e 31 animali donatori del graft con un peso mediano di 243 g. Gli studi ecocardiografici hanno dimostrato un aumento statisticamente significativo del diametro misurato a livello del graft nel gruppo trapianto senza rinforzo tra l’ecografia ad una settimana e quella a due mesi (3,20 (3,09-4,00) mm vs 3.80 (3.64-4.27) mm; p=0,02) mentre il diametro del graft nel gruppo trapianto con rinforzo è rimasto costante nel corso delle tre ecografie. Il valore della pulse wave velocity (PWV) è risultato statisticamente più alto nel gruppo trapianto con rinforzo rispetto al gruppo trapianto senza rinforzo nell’ecografia a due mesi (6.32 (5.63-7.02) m/s vs 3.77 (3.00-4.50) m/s; p=0,04). All’analisi istopatologica lo spessore dell’iperplasia miointimale nei campioni a due mesi è risultato essere statisticamente inferiore nel gruppo trapianto con rinforzo rispetto al gruppo trapianto senza rinforzo (61,42 ± 78,11 μm vs 162,71 ± 161,80 μm; p=0,04). La composizione cellulare della porzione miointimale, caratterizzata all’analisi immunoistochimica da cellule α-SMA, vWF e iNOS positive, è risultata essere uguale tra il gruppo trapianto con rinforzo, il gruppo trapianto senza rinforzo e il gruppo sham con rinforzo.
Il ruolo della contenzione vascolare esterna della radice polmonare in un modello murino di intervento di Ross: uno studio sperimentale
RIZZO, LAURA
2022/2023
Abstract
Background The Ross operation represents the gold standard for the surgery correction of congenital aortic stenosis due to its possibility of growing along with the children, its excellent hemodynamic characteristics, and the fact that it does not require anticoagulant therapy. The disadvantage of this technique is the need for reintervention because of the establishment, in the long term, of valvular insufficiency caused by the dilatation of the autograft subjected to systemic pressure. To date, techniques to contain the dilatation of the autograft through nonabsorbable materials are being researched. Aim of the study The major aim of this study is evaluating the structural adaptation of the pulmonary root reinforced by a nonresorbable material (Gore-Tex®) to systemic pressure in a murine model. Materials and methods Four groups were included in this experimental study. Two of them underwent transplantation of the pulmonary root and the other two were sham operated. In the transplant groups, the pulmonary root from synergistic donors was implanted at the level of the infra-renal aorta of Lewis rats, with or without reinforcement through a Gore-Tex® conduit. Control groups underwent only surgical stress by resection and subsequent anastomosis of the infrarenal aorta, with or without reinforcement through a Gore-Tex® conduit. Follow-up was done by means of performing serial ultrasound one week, one month (except in the sham group without reinforcement) and two months after surgery. For each group, a part of the animals was sacrificed at one week and the remaining part at two months after surgery. The pulmonary root underwent histopathological studies. Results A total of 84 animals were involved in this study, 23 of which underwent transplantation without reinforcement with a median weight of 347 g, 8 of which underwent transplantation with reinforcement with a median weight of 337 g, 11 of which underwent sham operation without reinforcement with a median weight of 382 g, 11 of which underwent sham operation with reinforcement with a median weight of 269 g and 31 were graft donor with a median weight of 243 g. Echocardiographic analysis proved a statistically significant increase in the diameter measured at the graft level in the transplant group without reinforcement between the one-week and the two-month ultrasounds (3.20 (3.09-4.00) mm vs. 3.80 (3.64-4.27) mm; p=0.02), while the graft diameter in the transplant group with reinforcement remained constant over the three ultrasounds. The pulse wave velocity (PWV) value was statistically higher in the transplant group with reinforcement than in the transplant group without it in the two-month ultrasound (6.32 (5.63-7.02) m/s vs 3.77 (3.00-4.50) m/s; p=0.04). On histopathological analysis, the thickness of myointimal hyperplasia in the two-month samples was found to be statistically lower in the transplant group with reinforcement than in the transplant group without it (61.42 ± 78.11 μm vs 162.71 ± 161.80 μm; p=0.04). The cellular composition of the myointimal portion, characterized on immunohistochemical analysis by α-SMA, vWF and iNOS-positive cells, was the same among the transplantation group with reinforcement, the transplantation group without reinforcement and the sham group with reinforcement. Finally, the percentage of fibrosis in the pulmonary valve wall with reinforcement was found to be higher than in the group without reinforcement, particularly in the adventitia.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/47412