Background: WHO reports that 300 million people globally are affected by depression. Up to 55% of people with major depressive disorder and 25% of those with bipolar disorder develop resistant depression, or "depression that shows a failure to respond to at least two pharmacological treatments administered for an adequate dose and time". The gold standard for the treatment of TRD is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), a technique, introduced by Bini and Cerletti in 1938, which consists in inducing a generalized seizure by applying an electrical impulse to the brain. ECT is very effective, allowing symptomatic remission to be achieved in 60% of TRD cases. Objectives: To identify and quantify response and remission following ECT, using MADRS and the MADRS four factor model as an outcome measure. Materials and methods: The study is retrospective in nature and involved 213 patients with TRD, both unipolar and bipolar. Data regarding clinical and socio-demographic variables, pharmacological therapy, scores of psychometric scales and some parameters regarding ECT treatment were collected. Subsequently, it was evaluated whether the different diagnostic group (MDD or BD), whether the response or remission at discharge (T1) and at the follow-up visit (T2) could identify the different treatment response trajectories. The analyzes were performed on the subgroup that had performed more than 6 ECT sessions, in accordance with the APA guidelines. Results: At T1 there were response rates of 92.5% and a remission of 65.3%, at T2 these rates were respectively 67% and 48.5% of the total number of cases. The MADRS total score decreased from the average 33.6 points at T0 to 8.6 points at T1. At T2 it settled at 13.6. The improvement seen with the total MADRS was also confirmed for each subscale of the 4-factor MADRS model. There was no difference in improvement in BD or MDD diagnosis, remission, or T1 or T2 response. Discussion: The data acquired evaluate the efficacy of ECT in the treatment of TRD. There was no different improvement according to the diagnostic group (MDD or BD), nor according to the status of remitter or responder, both at T1 and at T2. Furthermore, patients who achieved remission or response at T1 had no difference in prognostic terms of T2 status. This data is partially discordant with what is present in previous studies, which suggest that the achievement of an early symptomatic remission is a positive prognostic factor in its maintenance.However, these works took into consideration patients who had undergone a maximum of 6 ECT sessions, while our analyzes were conducted on a sample of patients with a number of sessions greater than 6, selecting a different patient population. This assessment could explain the apparent different conclusion.
Introduzione: L’OMS stima che 300 milioni di persone, a livello globale, siano affette da depressione. Fino al 55% delle persone affette da Disturbo depressivo maggiore e il 25% di quelle con disturbo bipolare sviluppano una Depressione Resistente, ovvero “una depressione che evidenzia un fallimento nella risposta ad almeno due trattamenti farmacologici somministrati per adeguata dose e tempo”. Il Gold Standard per il trattamento della TRD è la terapia elettroconvulsivante (TEC), una tecnica, introdotta da Bini e Cerletti nel 1938, che consiste nell’induzione di una crisi convulsiva generalizzata attraverso l’applicazione di un impulso elettrico al cervello. La TEC è molto efficace, permettendo il raggiungimento della remissione sintomatologica nel 60% dei casi di TRD. Obiettivi: Identificare e quantificare la risposta e la remissione in seguito a TEC, utilizzando come misura di outcome MADRS e MADRS four factor model. Materiali e metodi: Lo studio è di natura retrospettiva e ha riguardato 213 pazienti con TRD, sia unipolare che bipolare. Sono stati raccolti dati riguardanti le variabili cliniche e socio-demografiche, la terapia farmacologica, i punteggi delle scale psicometriche e alcuni parametri riguardanti il trattamento con TEC. Successivamente è stato valutato se il diverso gruppo diagnostico di appartenenza (MDD o BD), se la risposta o la remissione alla dimissione (T1) e alla visita di follow-up (T2) potessero identificare delle diverse traiettorie di risposta al trattamento. Le analisi sono state effettuate sul sottogruppo che aveva effettuato più di 6 sedute TEC, in accordo con le linee guida APA. Risultati: A T1 si è assistito a tassi di risposta del 92.5% e una remissione del 65.3%, a T2 questi tassi erano rispettivamente nel 67% e nel 48.5% del totale dei casi. Il punteggio MADRS totale è calato dai 33.6 punti presenti in media a T0 a 8.6 punti a T1.A T2 si è assestato su 13.6. Il miglioramento visto grazie alla MADRS totale si è confermato anche per ciascuna sottoscala del modello MADRS a 4 fattori. Non è stata osservata nessuna differenza nel miglioramento per quanto riguarda la diagnosi di BD o MDD, né per la remissione né per la risposta a T1 e T2. Discussione: I dati acquisiti avvalorano l’efficacia della TEC nel trattamento della TRD. Non si è assistito a un diverso miglioramento in base al gruppo diagnostico d’appartenenza (MDD o BD), né in base allo status di remitter o responder, sia a T1 che a T2. Inoltre, pazienti che hanno raggiunto la remissione o la risposta a T1 non hanno avuto differenze in termini prognostici sullo status di T2. Questo dato risulta parzialmente discorde rispetto a quanto presente in studi precedenti, i quali suggeriscono che il raggiungimento di una precoce remissione sintomatologica risulti essere un fattore prognostico positivo nel mantenimento della stessa. Tuttavia, questi lavori prendevano in considerazione pazienti che avevano effettuato un massimo di 6 sedute di TEC, mentre le nostre analisi sono state condotte su un campione di pazienti con un numero di sedute maggiore di 6, andando a selezionare una popolazione di pazienti differente. Questa valutazione potrebbe spiegare l’apparente differente conclusione.
Efficacia a breve termine della terapia elettroconvulsivante nella depressione resistente: uno studio longitudinale
PENZO, ANGELA
2022/2023
Abstract
Background: WHO reports that 300 million people globally are affected by depression. Up to 55% of people with major depressive disorder and 25% of those with bipolar disorder develop resistant depression, or "depression that shows a failure to respond to at least two pharmacological treatments administered for an adequate dose and time". The gold standard for the treatment of TRD is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), a technique, introduced by Bini and Cerletti in 1938, which consists in inducing a generalized seizure by applying an electrical impulse to the brain. ECT is very effective, allowing symptomatic remission to be achieved in 60% of TRD cases. Objectives: To identify and quantify response and remission following ECT, using MADRS and the MADRS four factor model as an outcome measure. Materials and methods: The study is retrospective in nature and involved 213 patients with TRD, both unipolar and bipolar. Data regarding clinical and socio-demographic variables, pharmacological therapy, scores of psychometric scales and some parameters regarding ECT treatment were collected. Subsequently, it was evaluated whether the different diagnostic group (MDD or BD), whether the response or remission at discharge (T1) and at the follow-up visit (T2) could identify the different treatment response trajectories. The analyzes were performed on the subgroup that had performed more than 6 ECT sessions, in accordance with the APA guidelines. Results: At T1 there were response rates of 92.5% and a remission of 65.3%, at T2 these rates were respectively 67% and 48.5% of the total number of cases. The MADRS total score decreased from the average 33.6 points at T0 to 8.6 points at T1. At T2 it settled at 13.6. The improvement seen with the total MADRS was also confirmed for each subscale of the 4-factor MADRS model. There was no difference in improvement in BD or MDD diagnosis, remission, or T1 or T2 response. Discussion: The data acquired evaluate the efficacy of ECT in the treatment of TRD. There was no different improvement according to the diagnostic group (MDD or BD), nor according to the status of remitter or responder, both at T1 and at T2. Furthermore, patients who achieved remission or response at T1 had no difference in prognostic terms of T2 status. This data is partially discordant with what is present in previous studies, which suggest that the achievement of an early symptomatic remission is a positive prognostic factor in its maintenance.However, these works took into consideration patients who had undergone a maximum of 6 ECT sessions, while our analyzes were conducted on a sample of patients with a number of sessions greater than 6, selecting a different patient population. This assessment could explain the apparent different conclusion.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/47421