Introduction. The original designation of "right ventricular arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy" was elaborated before the development and implementation of CMR, which in later years was able to demonstrate left ventricular involvement as well. The Padua Criteria of 2020 introduced tissue characterization by CE-CMR and criteria for recognition of left ventricular involvement. According to these criteria, three disease phenotypes could be indentified: a predominantly right-dominant form, a left-dominant form, and a biventricular form. Purpose of the study. The purpose of the study is to assess the prevalence of patients with a definite diagnosis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy according to the Padua Criteria and to subject them to a descriptive analysis of echocardiographic, MRI, and clinical outcome characteristics, stratified according to the three possible disease phenotypes. Methods. A retrospective study was conducted in which all patients who reached the Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Laboratory of the Azienda Ospedaliera-University of Padua between 2003 and 2023 were enrolled for suspected arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Patients with other cardiomyopathies, inflammatory heart diseases, or congenital abnormalities were excluded from the study; then the 167 patients under analysis were divided according to the diagnosis of ACM, made using the Padua Criteria, into patients with definite, borderline, possible, or no diagnosis. Then, for statistical uniformity, the analyses were conducted considering the population with certain diagnosis of the disease, consisting of 137 patients. Results. After the exclusion of 7 patients who did not reach a sufficient number of diagnostic criteria, a descriptive statistical analysis was conducted on the remaining 160 patients, with a mean age of 36 years, including 104 males, demonstrating anagraphic, echocardiographic, and CMR variables stratified by phenotype according to the Padua Criteria. Specifically, RV dilatation was more present in the biventricular forms (31% of cases) than in the isolated right forms (23%) (p=0.014); similarly, right ventricular dysfunction appeared more present in the biventricular forms (65%) than in the right-predominant forms (54%) (p<0.001). In the left ventricle, the situation was similar with ventricular dysfunction appearing more frequently in the biventricular forms (52%) than in the left-dominant phenotypes (35%) (p<0.001). The prevalence of the isolated right form, which seemed to be prevalent in the past, stood at 16.2% of patients. 12.5% were found to carry a left-dominant form while 71.3% were affected by biventricular phenotype. Finally in the follow up, adverse events were found to be more associated with the biventricular phenotype. Conclusions. Padua Criteria have enabled a broadening of the phenotypic spectrum of ACM through the introduction of criteria for the recognition of left and biventricular forms, predominantly through tissue characterization provided by CE-CMR. In this context, it was precisely through Padua Criteria and CE-CMR in the conducted study that it was possible to assess the prevalence of the different phenotypes, finding a clear decrease in right and left forms in favor of increase in forms with biventricular involvement. The latter, in addition to being the most prevalent, were also shown to be more associated with a higher risk of arrhythmic events at follow-up.
Introduzione. La denominazione originale della “cardiomiopatia aritmogena del ventricolo destro” venne elaborata prima dello sviluppo e dell’implementazione della risonanza magnetica che negli anni successivi riuscì a dimostrare il coinvolgimento anche del ventricolo sinistro. I Padua Criteria del 2020 introdussero la caratterizzazione tissutale mediante CE-CMR e i criteri per il riconoscimento dell’interessamento del ventricolo sinistro. Secondo tali criteri potevano essere indentificati tre fenotipi di malattia: una forma prevalentemente destra, una left-dominant e una biventricolare. Scopo dello studio. Lo studio si propone di valutare la prevalenza di pazienti con diagnosi certa di cardiomiopatia aritmogena secondo i Padua Criteria e di sottoporli ad un’analisi descrittiva delle caratteristiche ecocardiografiche, di risonanza magnetica e di outcome clinico, stratificate in base ai tre possibili fenotipi di malattia. Metodi. È stato condotto uno studio retrospettivo in cui sono stati arruolati tutti i pazienti giunti presso il Laboratorio di Risonanza Magnetica Cardiaca dell’Azienda Ospedaliera-Università di Padova nell’arco di tempo compreso tra il 2003 e il 2023, per sospetto di cardiomiopatia aritmogena del ventricolo destro. Sono stati esclusi dallo studio pazienti con altre cardiomiopatie, cardiopatie infiammatorie o anomalie congenite; in seguito i 167 pazienti in analisi sono stati suddivisi in base alla diagnosi di ACM, effettuata mediante i Padua Criteria, in pazienti con diagnosi certa, borderline, possibile o non diagnosi. Successivamente, per uniformità statistica le analisi sono state condotte considerando la popolazione con diagnosi certa di malattia, costituita da 137 pazienti. Risultati. Dopo l’esclusione di 7 pazienti che non raggiungevano un numero di criteri diagnostici sufficienti, sui restanti 160 pazienti, con un’età media di 36 anni, di cui 104 di sesso maschile, è stata condotta un’analisi statistica descrittiva che ha dimostrato variabili anagrafiche, ecocardiografiche e di risonanza magnetica stratificate per la tipologia di fenotipo secondo i Padua Criteria. In particolare la dilatazione del RV è risultata più presente nelle forme biventricolari (31% dei casi) rispetto alla forma destra isolata (23%) (p=0,014); allo stesso modo la disfunzione ventricolare destra è apparsa più presente nelle forme biventricolari (65%) che nelle forme a prevalenza destra (54%) (p<0,001). Nel ventricolo sinistro la situazione è risultata analoga con la disfunzione ventricolare che è risultata più frequente nelle forme biventricolari (52%) rispetto al fenotipo left-dominant (35%) (p<0,001). La prevalenza della forma destra isolata, che in passato sembrava essere prevalente, si è attestata al 16,2% dei pazienti. Il 12,5% è risultato portatore di una forma left-dominant mentre il 71,3% portatrice di fenotipo biventricolare. Infine nel follow-up gli eventi avversi sono risultati più associati al fenotipo biventricolare. Conclusioni. I Padua Criteria hanno consentito un ampliamento dello spettro fenotipico dell’ACM attraverso l’introduzione di criteri per il riconoscimento delle forme sinistre e biventricolari, prevalentemente grazie alla caratterizzazione tissutale fornita dalla CE-CMR. In questo contesto, proprio tramite Padua Criteria e CE-CMR nello studio condotto è stato possibile valutare la prevalenza dei diversi fenotipi, riscontrando una netta diminuzione delle forme destre e sinistre a favore di aumento delle forme a coinvolgimento biventricolare. Quest’ultime, oltre a risultare le più prevalenti, si sono dimostrate anche maggiormente associate ad un più elevato rischio di eventi aritmici al follow-up.
Cardiomiopatia aritmogena: valutazione della prevalenza di forma “destra isolata” mediante risonanza magnetica cardiaca
SPORTIELLO, ALESSANDRO
2022/2023
Abstract
Introduction. The original designation of "right ventricular arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy" was elaborated before the development and implementation of CMR, which in later years was able to demonstrate left ventricular involvement as well. The Padua Criteria of 2020 introduced tissue characterization by CE-CMR and criteria for recognition of left ventricular involvement. According to these criteria, three disease phenotypes could be indentified: a predominantly right-dominant form, a left-dominant form, and a biventricular form. Purpose of the study. The purpose of the study is to assess the prevalence of patients with a definite diagnosis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy according to the Padua Criteria and to subject them to a descriptive analysis of echocardiographic, MRI, and clinical outcome characteristics, stratified according to the three possible disease phenotypes. Methods. A retrospective study was conducted in which all patients who reached the Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Laboratory of the Azienda Ospedaliera-University of Padua between 2003 and 2023 were enrolled for suspected arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Patients with other cardiomyopathies, inflammatory heart diseases, or congenital abnormalities were excluded from the study; then the 167 patients under analysis were divided according to the diagnosis of ACM, made using the Padua Criteria, into patients with definite, borderline, possible, or no diagnosis. Then, for statistical uniformity, the analyses were conducted considering the population with certain diagnosis of the disease, consisting of 137 patients. Results. After the exclusion of 7 patients who did not reach a sufficient number of diagnostic criteria, a descriptive statistical analysis was conducted on the remaining 160 patients, with a mean age of 36 years, including 104 males, demonstrating anagraphic, echocardiographic, and CMR variables stratified by phenotype according to the Padua Criteria. Specifically, RV dilatation was more present in the biventricular forms (31% of cases) than in the isolated right forms (23%) (p=0.014); similarly, right ventricular dysfunction appeared more present in the biventricular forms (65%) than in the right-predominant forms (54%) (p<0.001). In the left ventricle, the situation was similar with ventricular dysfunction appearing more frequently in the biventricular forms (52%) than in the left-dominant phenotypes (35%) (p<0.001). The prevalence of the isolated right form, which seemed to be prevalent in the past, stood at 16.2% of patients. 12.5% were found to carry a left-dominant form while 71.3% were affected by biventricular phenotype. Finally in the follow up, adverse events were found to be more associated with the biventricular phenotype. Conclusions. Padua Criteria have enabled a broadening of the phenotypic spectrum of ACM through the introduction of criteria for the recognition of left and biventricular forms, predominantly through tissue characterization provided by CE-CMR. In this context, it was precisely through Padua Criteria and CE-CMR in the conducted study that it was possible to assess the prevalence of the different phenotypes, finding a clear decrease in right and left forms in favor of increase in forms with biventricular involvement. The latter, in addition to being the most prevalent, were also shown to be more associated with a higher risk of arrhythmic events at follow-up.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/47827