Background: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is an obstetrical condition in which the fetus does not reach its full growth potential. After birth it increases the morbidity and mortality rate in children, with possible health consequences even in adulthood. Few studies have investigated the bone status of IUGR infants, but an association between low birth weight and metabolic bone disease of prematurity has been described. Adequate nutritional support favors the growth and development of premature babies, and the metabolomic study of newborns lays the foundations for personalized patient management. Aim of the study: The aim of the study is to identify clinical, biochemical and nutritional parameters associated with IUGR at birth and with worse growth and bone status in studied infants. Through the analysis of urine collected at birth we also evaluated whether the metabolomic profile could discriminate between IUGR and non-IUGR children. Materials and methods: We recruited 354 premature babies (≤32 SG) with initiation of parenteral nutrition (NPT) within the first 72 hours of life. Among these, 75 IUGRs were matched with 75 non-IUGRs. During hospitalization, the clinical, biochemical and nutritional parameters of patients were collected at regular intervals. For the evaluation of bone status in newborns, the Bone Transmission Time (BTT, μs) at birth, at 21 days and at 36 gestational weeks (SG) was studied by quantitative ultrasonography. In 70 patients, anthropometric and bone parameters were evaluated even at one year of age. In 34 children, metabolomic investigations were performed on urine collected within 72 hours of life. Results: IUGR children had lower anthropometric parameters up to 36 SG and reduced weight at 1 year of age, and worse bone status at birth and at 21 days. IUGRs received lower energy intakes and NPT for more days, took longer to achieve full enteral feeding (FEF), and fasted longer. IUGRs had lower blood concentrations of urea and phosphate at birth and in subsequent determinations and more episodes of hypertriglyceridemia. The bone status correlates positively with anthropometric parameters up to 36 SG, especially with the length of tibia. High energy intakes are associated with better BTT at 36 SG. Bone status correlates positively with vitamin D intake and phosphoremia at birth and 21 days of life, but negatively with time to FEF and duration of NPT, invasive mechanical ventilation and fentanest use. 98% of IUGRs and 69% of paired non-IUGRs had growth retardation at 36 SG (EUGR). In the general population, the factors associated with worse weight growth were the reduced anthropometric parameters at birth, the minimum weight achieved, poor energy and protein intakes, more days on NPT and to achieve FEF and low blood levels of phosphorus at birth and at 7 days of life. Similar results were obtained searching for factors associated with poor growth in IUGR children. Metabolomic analysis identified differences in some metabolic pathways in IUGRs, including tryptophan and histidine metabolism and steroid hormone synthesis. Conclusions: Bone status is worse in IUGR children and correlates negatively with phosphoremia, which is already reduced at birth in IUGRs. Growth and bone status are influenced by nutritional intakes, such as caloric intake in the first weeks of life, and by the way nutrients are administered; Greater attention to feeding the premature infant could translate into better outcomes in the short and long term. Metabolomic studies could contribute to a better management of these children through the introduction of personalized nutrition and therapies.
Background: Il ritardo di crescita intrauterino (IUGR) è una condizione ostetrica in cui il feto non raggiunge il proprio potenziale di crescita. Dopo la nascita è causa di maggiore morbilità e mortalità del bambino, con possibili esiti anche in età adulta. Pochi studi hanno indagato lo stato osseo dei neonati IUGR, ma è descritta un’associazione tra basso peso alla nascita e malattia metabolica dell’osso della prematurità. Un adeguato supporto nutrizionale favorisce la crescita e lo sviluppo dei bambini prematuri, e lo studio metabolomico dei neonati pone le basi per una gestione personalizzata del paziente. Scopo dello studio: L’obiettivo dello studio è identificare i parametri clinici, biochimici e nutrizionali associati a IUGR e a peggiore crescita e stato osseo nei neonati in studio. Tramite analisi su urine raccolte alla nascita, abbiamo valutato se il profilo metabolomico potesse discriminare i bambini IUGR dai non IUGR. Materiali e metodi: Sono stati reclutati 354 bambini prematuri (≤32 SG) con avvio di nutrizione parenterale (NPT) entro le prime 72 ore di vita. Tra questi, 75 IUGR sono stati accoppiati con 75 non IUGR. Durante il ricovero sono stati raccolti a intervalli regolari i parametri clinici, biochimici e nutrizionali dei pazienti. Per la valutazione dello stato osseo dei neonati si è studiato il Bone Transmission Time (BTT, µs) alla nascita, a 21 giorni e a 36 settimane gestazionali (SG) tramite ultrasonografia quantitativa. In 70 pazienti si sono valutati i parametri antropometrici e ossei anche ad un anno di età. In 34 bambini sono state eseguite indagini metabolomiche su urine raccolte entro 72 ore di vita. Risultati: I bambini IUGR hanno presentato parametri antropometrici inferiori fino a 36 SG e ridotto peso a 1 anno di età, e uno stato osseo peggiore alla nascita e a 21 giorni. Gli IUGR hanno ricevuto minori apporti energetici e NPT per più giorni, hanno impiegato più tempo a raggiungere la nutrizione enterale esclusiva (NEE) e sono rimasti a digiuno più a lungo. Gli IUGR hanno presentato concentrazioni ematiche di urea e di fosfato inferiori alla nascita e nelle successive determinazioni e più episodi di ipertrigliceridemia. Lo stato osseo correla positivamente con i parametri antropometrici, specialmente con la lunghezza della tibia, fino a 36 SG. Elevati entroiti energetici si associano a migliore BTT a 36 SG. Lo stato osseo correla positivamente con l’intake di vitamina D e con la fosforemia alla nascita e a 21 giorni di vita, ma negativamente con il tempo per raggiungere la NEE e con la durata di NPT, di ventilazione meccanica invasiva e di uso di Fentanest. Il 98% degli IUGR e il 69% dei non IUGR accoppiati presentava ritardo di crescita a 36 SG (EUGR). Nella popolazione generale i fattori associati a peggiore crescita ponderale sono stati i ridotti parametri antropometrici alla nascita, il minimo peso raggiunto, gli scarsi apporti energetici e proteici, il maggior numero di giorni di NPT e per raggiungere la NEE e i bassi livelli ematici di fosforo basale e a 7 giorni di vita. Simili risultati si sono ottenuti nella ricerca di fattori associati a cattiva crescita nei bambini IUGR. L’analisi metabolomica ha identificato delle differenze in alcune vie metaboliche negli IUGR, tra cui il metabolismo di triptofano e istidina e la sintesi di ormoni steroidei. Conclusioni: Lo stato osseo è peggiore nei bambini IUGR e correla negativamente con la fosforemia, ridotta già alla nascita negli IUGR. La crescita e lo stato osseo sono influenzati dagli apporti nutrizionali, come gli intake calorici nelle prime settimane di vita, e dalla modalità di somministrazione dei nutrienti; una maggiore attenzione nell’alimentazione del neonato prematuro potrebbe tradursi in migliori outcome nel breve e nel lungo termine. Gli studi metabolomici potrebbero contribuire ad una migliore gestione di questi bambini tramite l’introduzione di nutrizione e terapie personalizzate.
Ricerca di marcatori per la valutazione ed il miglioramento della crescita e dello stato osseo nel neonato pretermine con o senza IUGR.
PERUZZO, ANDREA
2022/2023
Abstract
Background: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is an obstetrical condition in which the fetus does not reach its full growth potential. After birth it increases the morbidity and mortality rate in children, with possible health consequences even in adulthood. Few studies have investigated the bone status of IUGR infants, but an association between low birth weight and metabolic bone disease of prematurity has been described. Adequate nutritional support favors the growth and development of premature babies, and the metabolomic study of newborns lays the foundations for personalized patient management. Aim of the study: The aim of the study is to identify clinical, biochemical and nutritional parameters associated with IUGR at birth and with worse growth and bone status in studied infants. Through the analysis of urine collected at birth we also evaluated whether the metabolomic profile could discriminate between IUGR and non-IUGR children. Materials and methods: We recruited 354 premature babies (≤32 SG) with initiation of parenteral nutrition (NPT) within the first 72 hours of life. Among these, 75 IUGRs were matched with 75 non-IUGRs. During hospitalization, the clinical, biochemical and nutritional parameters of patients were collected at regular intervals. For the evaluation of bone status in newborns, the Bone Transmission Time (BTT, μs) at birth, at 21 days and at 36 gestational weeks (SG) was studied by quantitative ultrasonography. In 70 patients, anthropometric and bone parameters were evaluated even at one year of age. In 34 children, metabolomic investigations were performed on urine collected within 72 hours of life. Results: IUGR children had lower anthropometric parameters up to 36 SG and reduced weight at 1 year of age, and worse bone status at birth and at 21 days. IUGRs received lower energy intakes and NPT for more days, took longer to achieve full enteral feeding (FEF), and fasted longer. IUGRs had lower blood concentrations of urea and phosphate at birth and in subsequent determinations and more episodes of hypertriglyceridemia. The bone status correlates positively with anthropometric parameters up to 36 SG, especially with the length of tibia. High energy intakes are associated with better BTT at 36 SG. Bone status correlates positively with vitamin D intake and phosphoremia at birth and 21 days of life, but negatively with time to FEF and duration of NPT, invasive mechanical ventilation and fentanest use. 98% of IUGRs and 69% of paired non-IUGRs had growth retardation at 36 SG (EUGR). In the general population, the factors associated with worse weight growth were the reduced anthropometric parameters at birth, the minimum weight achieved, poor energy and protein intakes, more days on NPT and to achieve FEF and low blood levels of phosphorus at birth and at 7 days of life. Similar results were obtained searching for factors associated with poor growth in IUGR children. Metabolomic analysis identified differences in some metabolic pathways in IUGRs, including tryptophan and histidine metabolism and steroid hormone synthesis. Conclusions: Bone status is worse in IUGR children and correlates negatively with phosphoremia, which is already reduced at birth in IUGRs. Growth and bone status are influenced by nutritional intakes, such as caloric intake in the first weeks of life, and by the way nutrients are administered; Greater attention to feeding the premature infant could translate into better outcomes in the short and long term. Metabolomic studies could contribute to a better management of these children through the introduction of personalized nutrition and therapies.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/47832