Background. The approach to febrile infants younger than 90 days of age at risk of severe bacterial infections (SBI) has been evolving over the past decades. The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic brought new challenges on the epidemiology of fever in infants and in the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to these patients. Recent studies have shown an increase in the relative prevalence of SBI in febrile infants compared to the pre-pandemic values. COVID-19 disease is generally clinically mild in this age group and bacterial coinfections seem to be infrequent. Objectives. The primary objective of the study was to determine and compare the prevalence of SBI and IBI (invasive bacterial infections) in SARS-CoV-2-positive and negative febrile infants, before and after pandemic. As secondary objectives we aimed to determine whether there were differences in clinical presentation and laboratory tests between COVID-positive and negative subjects and to compare pre- and post-pandemic antibiotic prescribing. Methods. We conducted a retrospective single center retrospective study of infants younger than 90 days admitted to the Pediatric Emergency Department (PED) of Padova University Hospital and subsequent hospitalized for fever. We included patients accessing the PED between March 2017 and December 2022, thus including 3 years pre- COVID-19 pandemic (March 2017-February 2020) and 3 years post-pandemic (March 2020-December 2022). The population was divided into three groups: infants presenting in the pre-COVID era, COVID-negative infants and COVID-positive patients. Data on age, comorbidities, SARS-CoV-2 status, presentation and clinical course, results of laboratory tests/microbiological analysis and therapy undertaken were collected from medical charts. Results. Data of 440 infants were analyzed: 248 in the pre-pandemic era, 123 COVID-negative infants and 69 COVID-positive patients (overall 192 presenta-tions in the pandemic years with a 35.9% of COVID positivity rate). During the three pandemic years, the prevalence of SBI was 28.6%, not significantly higher than the pre-COVID era (21.8%, p=0.098). The rate of simultaneous bacterial coin-fection to COVID-19 infection was significantly lower than the rate of SBI among COVID-negative infants (11.6% vs 38.2%, p=0.00009), while the difference for IBI was not significant (2.9% vs 5.7%, p=0.38). SARS-CoV-2 infection in febrile infants was characterized by few mild symptoms, such as fever, rhinitis, feeding difficulties and gastrointestinal symptoms, with low rates of transfers to pediatric ICU (4.3%). White blood cell, neutrophil counts and inflammatory markers were lower in COVID-positive infants. Antibiotic prescription rates in COVID-positive infants were significantly lower than in COVID-negative. Conclusion. Data on IBS epidemiology within the pandemic, clinical manifesta-tions and prognosis of our COVID-positive population align with those in the lit-erature. The results of our study add to the literature by providing further data to better characterize SARS-CoV-2 infection in febrile infants and refine the approach to febrile infants during a viral epidemic which has proved not to be clinically severe in this age group.
Background. L’approccio al lattante febbrile con meno di 90 giorni a rischio di in-fezioni batteriche severe (IBS) è stato negli ultimi decenni in continua evoluzione e perfezionamento. La recente pandemia da SARS-CoV-2 ha introdotto la necessità di raccogliere nuovi dati epidemiologici e di analizzarne le implicazioni nell’approccio diagnostico-terapeutico. Recenti studi hanno evidenziato che la prevalenza relativa di IBS nel lattante febbrile sembra essere aumentata rispetto ai valori pre-pandemici. La malattia COVID-19 sembra presentarsi in maniera clinicamente lieve in questa fa-scia di età e le coinfezioni batteriche sembrano essere poco frequenti. Scopo dello studio. L’obiettivo primario dello studio è stato quello di determinare e confrontare la prevalenza di IBS e IBI (infezioni batteriche invasive) nei lattanti febbrili COVID-positivi e COVID-negativi, pre e post-pandemia di COVID-19. Alcuni degli obiettivi secondari sono stati: determinare se vi sono differenze nella presentazione clinica e negli esami di laboratorio tra soggetti COVID-positivi e ne-gativi e confrontare la prescrizione di antibiotici pre e post-pandemia. Materiali e metodi. È stato condotto uno studio monocentrico di coorte retrospetti-vo analizzando i dati dei lattanti con meno di 90 giorni con accesso in Pronto Soc-corso pediatrico dell’Azienda ospedaliera di Padova e successivo ricovero per feb-bre. Sono stati considerati gli accessi avvenuti tra marzo 2017 e dicembre 2022, in-cludendo 3 anni pre-pandemici (marzo 2017-febbraio 2020) e 3 anni di pandemia (marzo 2020-dicembre 2022). La popolazione è stata suddivisa in tre coorti: i lattanti dell’era pre-COVID, i lattanti COVID-negativi e i COVID-positivi. Sono stati rica-vati dalle cartelle mediche parametri quali età, comorbidità, positività o meno al SARS-CoV-2, presentazione e andamento clinico, risultati degli esami di laboratorio e microbiologici e terapia. Risultati. Sono stati analizzati i dati di 440 lattanti: 248 nell’era pre-pandemica, 123 COVID-negativi e 69 COVID-positivi, per un totale di 192 accessi negli anni pan-demici e un tasso di positività del 35.9%. Durante i tre anni pandemici, la prevalenza di IBS è risultata del 28.6%, non significativamente maggiore dell’era pre-COVID (21.8%, p=0.098). Il tasso di coinfezione batterica in corso di COVID-19 è risultato significativamente inferiore rispetto al tasso di IBS tra i COVID-negativi (11.6% vs 38.2%, p=0.00009); non vi sono state differenze significative per le IBI (2.9% vs 5.7%, p=0.38). Nei lattanti l'infezione da SARS-CoV-2 si è dimostrata decorrere prevalentemente in maniera paucisintomatica, con sintomi quali febbre, rinite, diffi-coltà di alimentazione e sintomi gastrointestinali, con bassi tassi di trasferimento in Terapia Intensiva (4.3%). La conta dei globuli bianchi e dei neutrofili e gli indici di flogosi sono risultati più bassi nei COVID-positivi. I tassi di prescrizione di antibio-tici nei COVID-positivi sono stati più bassi rispetto ai negativi. Conclusione. Le variazioni nell’epidemiologia delle IBS dopo l’avvento della pan-demia, le manifestazioni cliniche e la prognosi della nostra popolazione COVID-positiva si allineano con quelle della letteratura. I dati emersi dal nostro studio offro-no un importante contributo sulla caratterizzazione dell’infezione da SARS-CoV-2 e l’appropriatezza dell’approccio al lattante febbrile in corso di un’epidemia causata da un agente virale, che si è dimostrato non essere clinicamente severo in questa fascia di età.
Infezioni batteriche severe ed invasive in lattanti febbrili di eta' inferiore ai 3 mesi con e senza infezione da SARS-CoV-2
GALLINARO, GIULIA
2022/2023
Abstract
Background. The approach to febrile infants younger than 90 days of age at risk of severe bacterial infections (SBI) has been evolving over the past decades. The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic brought new challenges on the epidemiology of fever in infants and in the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to these patients. Recent studies have shown an increase in the relative prevalence of SBI in febrile infants compared to the pre-pandemic values. COVID-19 disease is generally clinically mild in this age group and bacterial coinfections seem to be infrequent. Objectives. The primary objective of the study was to determine and compare the prevalence of SBI and IBI (invasive bacterial infections) in SARS-CoV-2-positive and negative febrile infants, before and after pandemic. As secondary objectives we aimed to determine whether there were differences in clinical presentation and laboratory tests between COVID-positive and negative subjects and to compare pre- and post-pandemic antibiotic prescribing. Methods. We conducted a retrospective single center retrospective study of infants younger than 90 days admitted to the Pediatric Emergency Department (PED) of Padova University Hospital and subsequent hospitalized for fever. We included patients accessing the PED between March 2017 and December 2022, thus including 3 years pre- COVID-19 pandemic (March 2017-February 2020) and 3 years post-pandemic (March 2020-December 2022). The population was divided into three groups: infants presenting in the pre-COVID era, COVID-negative infants and COVID-positive patients. Data on age, comorbidities, SARS-CoV-2 status, presentation and clinical course, results of laboratory tests/microbiological analysis and therapy undertaken were collected from medical charts. Results. Data of 440 infants were analyzed: 248 in the pre-pandemic era, 123 COVID-negative infants and 69 COVID-positive patients (overall 192 presenta-tions in the pandemic years with a 35.9% of COVID positivity rate). During the three pandemic years, the prevalence of SBI was 28.6%, not significantly higher than the pre-COVID era (21.8%, p=0.098). The rate of simultaneous bacterial coin-fection to COVID-19 infection was significantly lower than the rate of SBI among COVID-negative infants (11.6% vs 38.2%, p=0.00009), while the difference for IBI was not significant (2.9% vs 5.7%, p=0.38). SARS-CoV-2 infection in febrile infants was characterized by few mild symptoms, such as fever, rhinitis, feeding difficulties and gastrointestinal symptoms, with low rates of transfers to pediatric ICU (4.3%). White blood cell, neutrophil counts and inflammatory markers were lower in COVID-positive infants. Antibiotic prescription rates in COVID-positive infants were significantly lower than in COVID-negative. Conclusion. Data on IBS epidemiology within the pandemic, clinical manifesta-tions and prognosis of our COVID-positive population align with those in the lit-erature. The results of our study add to the literature by providing further data to better characterize SARS-CoV-2 infection in febrile infants and refine the approach to febrile infants during a viral epidemic which has proved not to be clinically severe in this age group.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/47847