Background: the cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a cerebrovascular disorder recognised as a cause of perinatal stroke in 20% of cases. The incidence of cerebral venous thrombosis rises from 0,67 to 1-12 per 100,000 newborns, while the incidence of “thrombosis of the deep medullary veins” (DMVT) cannot be accurately estimated despite growing interest in recent years. Moreover, due to the presence of asymptomatic patients or those with non-specific clinical manifestations, the disease is often under-diagnosed. The aetiology is often multifactorial. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to analyse the case history of “cerebral venous thrombosis” in the neonatal period, with a focus on the involvement of the deep medullary veins. In particular, the epidemiological, etiopathogenetic, neuroradiological, therapeutic and short-term disability characteristics were defined and compared between our population subgroups and with the literature about “isolated DMVT”. Materials and methods: Data collection was conducted using R.I.T.I., a registry aimed at collecting data on patients with episodes of cerebral and systemic thromboembolism, both arterial or venous, in paediatric, neonatal or presumed perinatal age. Data extraction and analysis covered cases of cerebral venous thrombosis with and without medullary vein involvement, collected at the Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino in Padua from January 2002 to April 2023. The patients were divided into subgroups: “all subjects with medullary vein thrombosis (DMVT)”, subjects with “isolated DMVT', subjects with “DMVT with involvement of other intracerebral venous sites” and subjects with “cerebral venous thrombosis without MVT'. First, a descriptive analysis of the data was performed, then, categorical variables were analysed and compared by means of Pearson's χ2 test or Fisher's exact test, and continuous variables by means of the Wilcoxon-Kruskal-Wallis test between subgroups. A descriptive comparison of only the cases with “isolated DMVT” with the relevant literature was also performed. Results: 42 patients with cerebral venous thrombosis were identified. 27/42 (64%) presented with “cerebral venous thrombosis without DMVT”, while the remaining 15/42 (36%) presented with “medullary vein thrombosis”: in 9/42 (21%) the “deep medullary vein thrombosis was isolated2, in 6/42 (14%) the “deep medullary vein thrombosis event was associated with the at least another cerebral venous thrombosis”. In all cases the event showed up clinically around the first week of life (median 8 days, IQR, 4-14) with a male prevalence in 59%. The most common risk factors were complicated delivery in 38% of cases, prematurity in 43% of all DMVT patients, heart diseases in 48% of all and 53% of DMVT patients, and infections in 40% of DMVT cases. The main onset symptom was seizures in 52% of all cases, followed by drowsiness in 36%. Brain MRI has been performed in 93% of the total showed brain lesions in 86% of patients with DMVT and a haemorrhagic component was present in 77% compared to patients without DMVT involvement (p=0.013). MRA has been conducted in 71% of cases. Antithrombotic treatment was administered in 30% of the total and admission to the NICU was necessary in 87% of patients with DMVT. At least one neurological deficit was found in 48% of cases at discharge. Follow-up has a median of 1.5 years in DMVT patients. Conclusions: the analysis of the Paduan case history of DMVT over the last 20 years allowed the identification of overlapping elements (personal history, risk factors and clinical presentation) with “cerebral venous thrombosis” and makes it possible to emphatize how thrombosis/engorgement of the deep medullary veins even in the absence of thrombosis in other intracerebral venous sites represents a pathological entity with a clinical impact both in the acute phase and in terms of permanent disability.
Introduzione: La trombosi venosa cerebrale è un disturbo cerebrovascolare riconosciuto come causa di ictus perinatale nel 20% dei casi. La sua incidenza varia da 0,67 a 1-12 per 100.000 neonati, mentre per quanto riguarda le trombosi delle vene midollari non può essere stimata con precisione.Inoltre, a causa della presenza di pazienti asintomatici o paucisintomatici, si tratta di una patologia spesso sottodiagnosticata. L’eziologia il più delle volte ha un’origine multifattoriale. Scopo dello studio: lo scopo di questo studio è stato quello di analizzare la casistica della trombosi venosa cerebrale in epoca neonatale, con particolare attenzione al coinvolgimento delle vene midollari profonde. In particolare, sono state definite le caratteristiche epidemiologiche, eziopatogenetiche, neuroradiologiche, terapeutiche e di disabilità a breve termine, successivamente confrontate tra i sottogruppi della nostra popolazione e con i dati presenti in letteratura. Materiali e Metodi: La raccolta dei dati è stata condotta utilizzando il R.I.T.I. (Registro Italiano Trombosi Infantili). L’estrazione e l’analisi dei dati hanno riguardato i pazienti con trombosi venosa cerebrale con e senza coinvolgimento delle vene midollari, seguiti presso il Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino nel periodo che va dal gennaio 2002 ad aprile 2023. I pazienti sono stati suddivisi in sottogruppi.Dapprima è stata eseguita un’analisi descrittiva dei dati, quindi, sono state analizzate e confrontate le variabili categoriche mediante test χ2di Pearson o test di esatto di Fisher, le variabili continue con il test di Wilcoxon-Kruskal-Wallis tra i sottogruppi. È stato inoltre eseguito un confronto dal punto di vista descrittivo dei soli casi di “trombosi delle vene midollari isolate” con la letteratura. Risultati: Sono stati individuati 42 pazienti con trombosi venosa cerebrale. Di questi, 27/42 (64%) hanno presentato un episodio di trombosi venosa cerebrale senza coinvolgimento delle vene midollari (trombosi venosa cerebrale senza DMVT), mentre i restanti 15/42 (36%) hanno presentato trombosi delle vene midollari: in 9/42 (21%) la trombosi delle vene midollari profonde era isolata (DMVT isolata), in 6/42 (14%) l’evento “DMVT” era associato a un’altra trombosi venosa cerebrale. L’evento si presenta dal punto di vista clinico intorno alla prima settimana di vita (mediana 8 giorni, IQR, 4-14) con una prevalenza del sesso maschile nel 59%. I principali fattori di rischio risultano essere il parto complicato nel 38% dei casi, la prematurità nel 43 % di tutti i pazienti con DMVT, la presenza di cardiopatie nel 48% del totale e nel 53% dei pazienti con DMVT e le infezioni nel 40% dei casi con DMVT. Il principale sintomo d’esordio sono le crisi epilettiche nel 52% dei casi totali, seguite dal sopore nel 36%. Alla RM cerebrale eseguita nel 93% del totale sono state identificate lesioni cerebrali nell’86% dei pazienti con DMVT e nel 77% era presente una componente emorragica rispetto ai pazienti senza coinvolgimento delle DMV (p=0,013). Il trattamento antitrombotico è stato somministrato nel 30% del totale e il ricovero in TIN si è reso necessario nell’87% dei pazienti con DMVT. Almeno un deficit neurologico è stato riscontrato nel 48% dei casi alle dimissioni. L’ultimo follow up ha una mediana di 1,5 anni nei pazienti con DMVT. Conclusioni: l’analisi della casistica padovana della “trombosi delle vene midollari” ha consentito di identificare elementi di sovrapposizioni in termini di anamnesi, fattori di rischio e presentazione clinica rispetto all’evento “trombosi venosa cerebrale”. Ciò ha permesso di sottolineare come la trombosi/ingorgo delle vene midollari profonde anche in assenza di trombosi in altre sedi venose intracerebrali sia un’entità clinico patologica di consistente impatto clinico sia in fase acuta che in termini di disabilità permanente.
Il coinvolgimento delle vene midollari nel contesto delle trombosi venose cerebrali neonatali: esperienza degli ultimi vent'anni a Padova
VINCENTI, ARIANNA
2022/2023
Abstract
Background: the cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a cerebrovascular disorder recognised as a cause of perinatal stroke in 20% of cases. The incidence of cerebral venous thrombosis rises from 0,67 to 1-12 per 100,000 newborns, while the incidence of “thrombosis of the deep medullary veins” (DMVT) cannot be accurately estimated despite growing interest in recent years. Moreover, due to the presence of asymptomatic patients or those with non-specific clinical manifestations, the disease is often under-diagnosed. The aetiology is often multifactorial. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to analyse the case history of “cerebral venous thrombosis” in the neonatal period, with a focus on the involvement of the deep medullary veins. In particular, the epidemiological, etiopathogenetic, neuroradiological, therapeutic and short-term disability characteristics were defined and compared between our population subgroups and with the literature about “isolated DMVT”. Materials and methods: Data collection was conducted using R.I.T.I., a registry aimed at collecting data on patients with episodes of cerebral and systemic thromboembolism, both arterial or venous, in paediatric, neonatal or presumed perinatal age. Data extraction and analysis covered cases of cerebral venous thrombosis with and without medullary vein involvement, collected at the Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino in Padua from January 2002 to April 2023. The patients were divided into subgroups: “all subjects with medullary vein thrombosis (DMVT)”, subjects with “isolated DMVT', subjects with “DMVT with involvement of other intracerebral venous sites” and subjects with “cerebral venous thrombosis without MVT'. First, a descriptive analysis of the data was performed, then, categorical variables were analysed and compared by means of Pearson's χ2 test or Fisher's exact test, and continuous variables by means of the Wilcoxon-Kruskal-Wallis test between subgroups. A descriptive comparison of only the cases with “isolated DMVT” with the relevant literature was also performed. Results: 42 patients with cerebral venous thrombosis were identified. 27/42 (64%) presented with “cerebral venous thrombosis without DMVT”, while the remaining 15/42 (36%) presented with “medullary vein thrombosis”: in 9/42 (21%) the “deep medullary vein thrombosis was isolated2, in 6/42 (14%) the “deep medullary vein thrombosis event was associated with the at least another cerebral venous thrombosis”. In all cases the event showed up clinically around the first week of life (median 8 days, IQR, 4-14) with a male prevalence in 59%. The most common risk factors were complicated delivery in 38% of cases, prematurity in 43% of all DMVT patients, heart diseases in 48% of all and 53% of DMVT patients, and infections in 40% of DMVT cases. The main onset symptom was seizures in 52% of all cases, followed by drowsiness in 36%. Brain MRI has been performed in 93% of the total showed brain lesions in 86% of patients with DMVT and a haemorrhagic component was present in 77% compared to patients without DMVT involvement (p=0.013). MRA has been conducted in 71% of cases. Antithrombotic treatment was administered in 30% of the total and admission to the NICU was necessary in 87% of patients with DMVT. At least one neurological deficit was found in 48% of cases at discharge. Follow-up has a median of 1.5 years in DMVT patients. Conclusions: the analysis of the Paduan case history of DMVT over the last 20 years allowed the identification of overlapping elements (personal history, risk factors and clinical presentation) with “cerebral venous thrombosis” and makes it possible to emphatize how thrombosis/engorgement of the deep medullary veins even in the absence of thrombosis in other intracerebral venous sites represents a pathological entity with a clinical impact both in the acute phase and in terms of permanent disability.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/47849