Liver diseases are constantly increasing all over the world and their weight, in terms of morbidity and mortality, is becoming more and more preponderant. The most common causes of liver disease have historically been linked to viral infections (HBV and HCV) and alcohol consumption, but the role of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis has been increasing exponentially in recent years. Liver diseases often have an asymptomatic course until the complications of cirrhosis appear. At present, there are no strategies to identify individuals with liver disease in advance. Over the years, non-invasive methods have been identified for estimating the risk of liver fibrosis, based on lab tests and on the use of hepatic transient elastometry measured by Fibroscan. At present, however, whether these tools can be used to implement a cost-effective screening strategy in the general population has not yet been demonstrated. The aim of our study was to evaluate the use of non-invasive tests for the identification of liver diseases in healthy subjects in the Veneto region. For this purpose, 1.690 healthy subjects older than 40 and with no known history of liver disease, reported by their general practitioner, were enrolled. The enrolled subjects underwent medical history collection for the identification of any risk factors, the compilation of questionnaires on alcohol consumption (AUDIT), quality of life (EuroQoL 5d-3) and health status (SF-12). During the evaluation, the subjects underwent venipuncture for the measurement of the parameters necessary for the calculation of the non-invasive liver fibrosis scores (APRI test and FIB-4) and measurement of liver stiffness using Fibroscan. In case the subjects presented ALT values > 1.5 UNL, hepatic stiffness > 8kPa or an unreliable Fibroscan they were invited to a second visit including liver ultrasound, repetition of Fibroscan and etiological screening. In patients who at the second visit showed stiffness >8 kPa without a clear diagnosis of cirrhosis, a liver biopsy was also proposed. In the 1.690 subjects enrolled, the mean age was 58±9 years, and 60,1% of the subjects were female. 211 patients (12,5%) were obese, 404 with hypercholesterolemia (23,9%), 497 with hypertension (29,4%), 52 with type 2 diabetes (3,1%). Alcohol consumption above the recommended limit (17,8%) was reported in 300 patients. At the end of the first visit, 123 patients (7,3%) had at least one criterion to be recalled for the second visit, in 103 cases (83,7%) there was liver stiffness >8 kPa, in 33 subjects ALT values >1.5 UNL (26,8%), while in 37 subjects the result of the Fibroscan was not reliable (30,1%). From the second visits, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis was diagnosed in 55,6% of the subjects evaluated, in 15,9% of the cases alcohol was the main etiological factor. In conclusion, Liver disease can be suspected in about 7,3% of the healthy population residing in Veneto. The most common risk factors are related to metabolic syndrome and excessive alcohol consumption.
Le malattie di fegato sono in continuo aumento nel mondo, e il loro peso in termini di morbilità e mortalità diventa sempre più preponderante. Le cause più comuni di malattie epatiche sono storicamente legate alle infezioni virali (HBV e HCV) e al consumo alcolico, ma il ruolo della steatoepatite non alcolica sta aumentando in maniera esponenziale negli ultimi anni. Le malattie epatiche hanno spesso un decorso asintomatico fino alla comparsa delle complicanze della cirrosi, e quindi allo stadio più avanzato di malattia. Al momento attuale non esistono strategie per identificare in anticipo soggetti con malattie di fegato. Nel corso degli anni sono stati identificati dei metodi non invasivi per la stima del rischio di fibrosi epatica, basati su esami bioumorali e sull’utilizzo dell’elastometria epatica misurata tramite Fibroscan. Allo stato attuale, tuttavia, che questi strumenti possano essere utilizzati per implementare una strategia di screening nella popolazione generale che sia costo-efficace non è ancora stato dimostrato. L’obiettivo del nostro studio è stato quindi la valutazione dell’utilizzo dei test non invasivi per l’individuazione di patologie epatiche in soggetti sani residenti nella regione Veneto. A tale scopo sono stati arruolati 1.690 soggetti sani di età superiore ai 40 anni e senza storia nota di patologie epatiche, segnalati dal proprio Medico di Medicina Generale. I soggetti arruolati sono stati sottoposti alla raccolta anamnestica per l’individuazione di eventuali fattori di rischio, alla compilazione di questionari sul consumo alcolico (AUDIT), sulla qualità di vita (EuroQoL 5d-3) e sullo stato di salute (SF-12). Durante la valutazione i soggetti sono stati sottoposti a prelievo venoso per la misurazione dei parametri necessari al calcolo degli scores non invasivi di fibrosi epatica (APRI test e FIB-4) e a misurazione della stiffness epatica tramite Fibroscan. Nel caso i soggetti presentassero valori di ALT > 1.5 UNL, stiffness epatica > 8kPa o un Fibroscan non attendibile venivano invitati ad una seconda visita comprensiva di ecografia epatica, ripetizione di Fibroscan e screening eziologico tramite prelievo venoso. Nei pazienti che alla seconda visita presentavano stiffness >8 kPa senza una chiara diagnosi di cirrosi veniva inoltre proposta una biopsia epatica. Nei 1.690 soggetti arruolati, l’età media è risultata 58 ± 9 anni, e il 60,1% dei soggetti è risultato di sesso femminile. 211 pazienti (12,5%) erano obesi, 404 con ipercolesterolemia (23,9%), 497 ipertesi (29,4%), 52 affetti da diabete tipo 2 (3,1%). In 300 pazienti è stato riportato un consumo alcolico superiore al limite raccomandato (17,8%). Alla fine della prima visita, 123 pazienti (7,3%) presentavano almeno un criterio per essere richiamati per la seconda visita, in 103 casi (83,7%) era presente una stiffness epatica >8 kPa, in 33 soggetti valori di ALT >1.5 UNL (26,8%), mentre in 37 soggetti il risultato del Fibroscan era risultato non attendibile (30,1%). Dalle seconde visite sono risultati evidenti quadri di steatoepatite non alcolica nel 55,6% dei soggetti valutati, nel 15,9% dei casi l’alcool è risultato il fattore eziologico principale. In conclusione, Una malattia di fegato può essere sospettata in circa il 7,3% della popolazione sana residente in Veneto. I fattori di rischio più comuni sono legati alla sindrome metabolica e all’eccessivo consumo alcolico.
Screening delle malattie del fegato nella popolazione generale: il progetto Liverscreen Veneto
CASAROTTO, ARIANNA
2022/2023
Abstract
Liver diseases are constantly increasing all over the world and their weight, in terms of morbidity and mortality, is becoming more and more preponderant. The most common causes of liver disease have historically been linked to viral infections (HBV and HCV) and alcohol consumption, but the role of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis has been increasing exponentially in recent years. Liver diseases often have an asymptomatic course until the complications of cirrhosis appear. At present, there are no strategies to identify individuals with liver disease in advance. Over the years, non-invasive methods have been identified for estimating the risk of liver fibrosis, based on lab tests and on the use of hepatic transient elastometry measured by Fibroscan. At present, however, whether these tools can be used to implement a cost-effective screening strategy in the general population has not yet been demonstrated. The aim of our study was to evaluate the use of non-invasive tests for the identification of liver diseases in healthy subjects in the Veneto region. For this purpose, 1.690 healthy subjects older than 40 and with no known history of liver disease, reported by their general practitioner, were enrolled. The enrolled subjects underwent medical history collection for the identification of any risk factors, the compilation of questionnaires on alcohol consumption (AUDIT), quality of life (EuroQoL 5d-3) and health status (SF-12). During the evaluation, the subjects underwent venipuncture for the measurement of the parameters necessary for the calculation of the non-invasive liver fibrosis scores (APRI test and FIB-4) and measurement of liver stiffness using Fibroscan. In case the subjects presented ALT values > 1.5 UNL, hepatic stiffness > 8kPa or an unreliable Fibroscan they were invited to a second visit including liver ultrasound, repetition of Fibroscan and etiological screening. In patients who at the second visit showed stiffness >8 kPa without a clear diagnosis of cirrhosis, a liver biopsy was also proposed. In the 1.690 subjects enrolled, the mean age was 58±9 years, and 60,1% of the subjects were female. 211 patients (12,5%) were obese, 404 with hypercholesterolemia (23,9%), 497 with hypertension (29,4%), 52 with type 2 diabetes (3,1%). Alcohol consumption above the recommended limit (17,8%) was reported in 300 patients. At the end of the first visit, 123 patients (7,3%) had at least one criterion to be recalled for the second visit, in 103 cases (83,7%) there was liver stiffness >8 kPa, in 33 subjects ALT values >1.5 UNL (26,8%), while in 37 subjects the result of the Fibroscan was not reliable (30,1%). From the second visits, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis was diagnosed in 55,6% of the subjects evaluated, in 15,9% of the cases alcohol was the main etiological factor. In conclusion, Liver disease can be suspected in about 7,3% of the healthy population residing in Veneto. The most common risk factors are related to metabolic syndrome and excessive alcohol consumption.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/48103