This thesis describes the major problems created by fungi in agricultural crops and new environmentally friendly solutions to deal with them. In particular, the effects caused by Botrytis cinerea in tomato crops and Pypricularia oryzae in rice crops are discussed. These two fungi cause extensive damage in crops and without the use of fungicides the annual harvest would be almost halved, something we cannot afford nowadays with the increasing population. In fact, fungicides are widely used by the agricultural industries, but the problem is their lack of sustainability in environmental terms. All pesticides on the market so far are chemical in nature, so once dissolved in the soil, they lead to the formation of toxic and polluting substances. Their synthesis is also expensive in terms of energy and waste chemicals used, making this step too unsustainable in the long term. This thesis discusses GA IV trichogin, a peptaibolic produced by the fungus Trichoderma, and its water-soluble analogues. Trichogin is an antimicrobial secondary metabolite, and possesses a three-dimensional helical structure. Its particular structure is conserved in the analogues and makes them capable of inhibiting fungal growth and altering their gene expression. GA IV trichogin analogues are stable and produced using environmentally sustainable processes, creating as little waste as possible. The steps involved in the synthesis of the analogues and their subsequent dispersion in the soil therefore do not cause environmental damage but are an innovative solution and the beginning of a new class of biocompatible products for crop protection and agricultural soil.
In questa tesi si descrivono i grossi problemi creati dai funghi nelle colture agricole e delle nuove soluzioni ecosostenibili per trattarli. In particolare, si discutono gli effetti causati da Botrytis cinerea nelle colture di pomodoro e di Pypricularia oryzae in quelle di riso. Questi due funghi causano ingenti danni nelle colture e senza l’uso di fungicidi il raccolto annuo sarebbe quasi dimezzato, cosa che al giorno d’oggi, con la popolazione in crescente aumento non possiamo permetterci. Difatti i fungicidi sono prodotti largamente usati dalle industrie agricole, il problema però è la loro poca sostenibilità in termini ambientali. Tutti i pesticidi finora in commercio sono di natura chimica, quindi, una volta disciolti nel terreno, portano alla formazione di sostanze tossiche ed inquinanti. Anche la loro sintesi è dispendiosa in termini di energia e di prodotti chimici usati e di scarto, rendendo anche questo passaggio poco sostenibile a lungo termine. In questa tesi si parla della tricogina GA IV, un peptaibolico prodotto dal fungo Trichoderma, e dei suoi analoghi idrosolubili. La tricogina è un metabolita secondario antimicrobico, e possiede una struttura tridimensionale elicoidale. La sua particolare struttura è conservata negli analoghi e li rende in grado di inibire la crescita fungina ed alterare la loro espressione genetica. Gli analoghi della tricogina GA IV sono stabili e prodotti con processi ecosostenibili creando meno scarti possibili. I passaggi di sintesi degli analoghi e la loro successiva dispersione nel terreno non causano quindi danni ambientali ma sono una soluzione innovata e l’inizio di una nuova classe di prodotti biocompatibili per la protezione delle colture e del terreno agricolo.
Panoramica sull'effetto fitoterapico degli analoghi del peptide tricogina GA IV su agenti patogeni ad alto impatto sulle culture agricole
FILIPPAS, ANDREA
2022/2023
Abstract
This thesis describes the major problems created by fungi in agricultural crops and new environmentally friendly solutions to deal with them. In particular, the effects caused by Botrytis cinerea in tomato crops and Pypricularia oryzae in rice crops are discussed. These two fungi cause extensive damage in crops and without the use of fungicides the annual harvest would be almost halved, something we cannot afford nowadays with the increasing population. In fact, fungicides are widely used by the agricultural industries, but the problem is their lack of sustainability in environmental terms. All pesticides on the market so far are chemical in nature, so once dissolved in the soil, they lead to the formation of toxic and polluting substances. Their synthesis is also expensive in terms of energy and waste chemicals used, making this step too unsustainable in the long term. This thesis discusses GA IV trichogin, a peptaibolic produced by the fungus Trichoderma, and its water-soluble analogues. Trichogin is an antimicrobial secondary metabolite, and possesses a three-dimensional helical structure. Its particular structure is conserved in the analogues and makes them capable of inhibiting fungal growth and altering their gene expression. GA IV trichogin analogues are stable and produced using environmentally sustainable processes, creating as little waste as possible. The steps involved in the synthesis of the analogues and their subsequent dispersion in the soil therefore do not cause environmental damage but are an innovative solution and the beginning of a new class of biocompatible products for crop protection and agricultural soil.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/50093