The demand for hydrogen is expected to grow rapidly in the coming years, especially to meet environmental requirements aimed to achieving decarbonization and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Currently, most hydrogen is produced from fossil fuels, with a no longer sustainable process. Therefore, alternative sources and methods for hydrogen production are required, and one of the most promising resources is biomass. Thermochemical methods and biological methods are two main pathways for hydrogen production from biomass. Thermochemical methods include gasification and pyrolysis, processes in which the raw material is treated at high temperatures to produce hydrogen along with solids, liquids, and other gases; biological methods include bio-photolysis, photo-fermentation, dark fermentation, and microbial electrolysis cells. Biological methods utilize microorganisms to convert water and organic substrates into hydrogen: hydrogenases and nitrogenases are key enzymes in these processes. This work describes the main techniques for hydrogen production from biomass and discusses some relevant aspects for process improvement, such as the role of biotechnology, the choice of bioreactors, substrate characteristics and pretreatments.
La domanda di idrogeno è destinata a crescere rapidamente nei prossimi anni, soprattutto per soddisfare istanze di tipo ambientale che puntano al raggiungimento della decarbonizzazione e alla riduzione delle emissioni di gas serra. Attualmente, la maggior parte dell'idrogeno viene prodotto da combustibili fossili, un processo non più sostenibile. Sono quindi necessari fonti e metodi alternativi per la produzione di idrogeno e una delle risorse più promettenti è la biomassa. I metodi termochimici e i metodi biologici sono le due vie principali per la produzione di idrogeno da biomassa. I primi includono la gassificazione e la pirolisi, processi in cui la materia prima viene trattata ad alte temperature per produrre idrogeno insieme a solidi, liquidi e altri gas; i secondi comprendono invece la biofotolisi, la foto-fermentazione, la fermentazione oscura e le celle di elettrolisi microbica. Nei metodi biologici si utilizzano microrganismi che convertono acqua e substrati organici in idrogeno: idrogenasi e nitrogenasi sono enzimi chiave in questi processi. Il presente elaborato descrive le principali tecniche di produzione di idrogeno da biomassa e affronta alcuni aspetti rilevanti per il miglioramento del processo, come il ruolo delle biotecnologie, la scelta dei bioreattori, le caratteristiche del substrato e i pretrattamenti.
Produzione di idrogeno da biomassa
RONCARATI, GIOVANNI ETTORE
2022/2023
Abstract
The demand for hydrogen is expected to grow rapidly in the coming years, especially to meet environmental requirements aimed to achieving decarbonization and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Currently, most hydrogen is produced from fossil fuels, with a no longer sustainable process. Therefore, alternative sources and methods for hydrogen production are required, and one of the most promising resources is biomass. Thermochemical methods and biological methods are two main pathways for hydrogen production from biomass. Thermochemical methods include gasification and pyrolysis, processes in which the raw material is treated at high temperatures to produce hydrogen along with solids, liquids, and other gases; biological methods include bio-photolysis, photo-fermentation, dark fermentation, and microbial electrolysis cells. Biological methods utilize microorganisms to convert water and organic substrates into hydrogen: hydrogenases and nitrogenases are key enzymes in these processes. This work describes the main techniques for hydrogen production from biomass and discusses some relevant aspects for process improvement, such as the role of biotechnology, the choice of bioreactors, substrate characteristics and pretreatments.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/50111