In the past decades, the history of psychiatry has been enriched by many academic works that have shown how relevant the attention toward the diagnostic criteria and therapies and the importance given to social setting and patients’ life stories can be for the comprehension of the nature of psychiatry itself. Among all patients, women received a particular treatment, and this is the reason why this thesis focuses on the diagnostic and therapeutic specificities of female patients as well as the social background that led many women to be hospitalized in asylums, which were the main place of care and detention of thousands of people affected by mental illnesses in the XX century. According to the dispositions of law n°36 from 1904, which formally established psychiatric hospitals, any individual could be forcefully interned in one of these structures if a certificate stated that the soon-to-be patient was dangerous for themselves and for others or their behaviour was considered scandalous. This thesis analyses the clinical records of the female patients interned in Treviso’s Sant’Artemio Psychiatric Hospital between 1911 and 1978, the opening and closing years of the asylum, respectively. The main objective of this study is to analyse the evolution of the diagnosis and treatments that were carried out on women during the XX century. The choice of focusing only on the asylum’s female patients is justified by the existence of recent literature on this topic and the purpose of studying how women with mental illnesses were seen and represented in the past decades, especially considering the current debate around the gender and gender medicine. After analysing the relevant literature, a sample of medical records belonging to different decades was selected, and it was examined considering the general conditions of the medical documents, the personal data of the patients, the reasons of their hospitalization alongside the diagnosis, the symptoms and signs that were considered indicative of psychopathology, and the treatments. Finally, additional elements that were considered were the letters directed to the patients’ relatives and, when available, the hospitalization’s outcome.
In questi decenni la storia della psichiatria è stata arricchita da molti lavori che hanno dimostrato quanto l’attenzione ai sistemi diagnostici e alle terapie da una parte, e l’analisi della dimensione sociale del disturbo mentale e delle vicende personali dei pazienti dall’altra, possano essere importanti per la comprensione della natura stessa della disciplina psichiatrica. Fra tutti i pazienti, le donne hanno ricevuto un’attenzione particolare ed è per questo che con questa tesi si è deciso di approfondire le specificità diagnostiche e terapeutiche del genere femminile e le dinamiche sociali che hanno portato molte donne ad essere ricoverate all’interno degli Ospedali Psichiatrici, i quali, nell’arco del Novecento, sono stati il principale luogo di cura e internamento di migliaia di persone affette da disturbi mentali. Secondo le disposizioni della legge n° 36 del 1904, che istituì gli Ospedali Psichiatrici, un individuo poteva essere ricoverato in un manicomio nel momento in cui veniva certificato uno stato di pericolosità per sé o per gli altri o per aver assunto dei comportamenti di pubblico scandalo. In questa tesi viene indagata la documentazione clinica relativa a pazienti di sesso femminile dell’Ospedale Psichiatrico Sant’Artemio di Treviso che sono state ricoverate dal 1911 al 1978, rispettivamente anno di apertura e chiusura dell’Ospedale Psichiatrico. Scopo principale di questa ricerca è quello di analizzare l’evoluzione della diagnostica e dei trattamenti che venivano applicati sulle donne nel corso del XX secolo. La scelta di pazienti di genere femminile è sostenuta dalla presenza di una recente letteratura sul tema e dall’intenzione di verificare quale fosse la visione delle donne ammalate e come la loro malattia sia stata rappresentata nel corso dei decenni, alla luce dell’attuale dibattito sul tema del genere e della medicina di genere. Dopo un’analisi della letteratura sono stati individuati campioni di cartelle cliniche relative ai diversi decenni. Queste sono state esaminate e confrontate valutando le condizioni generali della cartella clinica stessa, i dati anagrafici della paziente, i motivi del ricovero, la diagnosi, le note cliniche, ovvero gli elementi osservati e annotati ritenuti significativi di psicopatologia, le terapie eseguite, la presenza di corrispondenza e di contatti con la comunità di origine e, per quanto possibile, l'esito del ricovero.
Disturbi mentali e terapie in donne ricoverate nell'Ospedale Psichiatrico di Treviso dal 1911 al 1978
SCAPOLO, MARTINA
2022/2023
Abstract
In the past decades, the history of psychiatry has been enriched by many academic works that have shown how relevant the attention toward the diagnostic criteria and therapies and the importance given to social setting and patients’ life stories can be for the comprehension of the nature of psychiatry itself. Among all patients, women received a particular treatment, and this is the reason why this thesis focuses on the diagnostic and therapeutic specificities of female patients as well as the social background that led many women to be hospitalized in asylums, which were the main place of care and detention of thousands of people affected by mental illnesses in the XX century. According to the dispositions of law n°36 from 1904, which formally established psychiatric hospitals, any individual could be forcefully interned in one of these structures if a certificate stated that the soon-to-be patient was dangerous for themselves and for others or their behaviour was considered scandalous. This thesis analyses the clinical records of the female patients interned in Treviso’s Sant’Artemio Psychiatric Hospital between 1911 and 1978, the opening and closing years of the asylum, respectively. The main objective of this study is to analyse the evolution of the diagnosis and treatments that were carried out on women during the XX century. The choice of focusing only on the asylum’s female patients is justified by the existence of recent literature on this topic and the purpose of studying how women with mental illnesses were seen and represented in the past decades, especially considering the current debate around the gender and gender medicine. After analysing the relevant literature, a sample of medical records belonging to different decades was selected, and it was examined considering the general conditions of the medical documents, the personal data of the patients, the reasons of their hospitalization alongside the diagnosis, the symptoms and signs that were considered indicative of psychopathology, and the treatments. Finally, additional elements that were considered were the letters directed to the patients’ relatives and, when available, the hospitalization’s outcome.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/51331