Space missions to the planetary bodies of our Solar System have revealed unique, complex and dynamic worlds. In addition to the well-known planets, the populations of Near-Earth Asteroids and Minor Bodies are also of great interest to modern research, as they constitute primitive- leftover building blocks of the Solar System formation process, and can provide clues to the chemical mixture from which the planets formed. Remote sensing observations performed by multi-spectral imagers and high-resolution imaging spectrometers on board of spacecrafts may contribute significantly to our knowledge of the physical characteristics and dynamical properties of both Planets and Minor Bodies, and thus are fundamental to provide new insights into the formation and evolution of the Solar System. To this end, two different optical instruments have been analysed, the first being a camera, based on a Three-Mirror Anastigmatic (TMA) telescope, with two different focal planes (VIS/IR), and the second a hyperspectral stereo imaging system, still fed by a TMA telescope. Both instruments have been previously investigated, and the existing layouts served as a starting point for a novel improvement through the inclusion of freeform optical surfaces within the telescopes, which provided additional degrees of freedom to the design, allowing correction of the major limiting aberrations. The inclusion of these surfaces enabled to meet the requirements for both the instruments, while still achieving a good performance. The resulting design for the camera is suitable for space missions to asteroidal bodies or to the Outer Planets and their moons, while the stereo-imaging system will be proposed for a lunar mapping space mission.
Le missioni spaziali verso i corpi planetari del nostro Sistema Solare hanno rivelato realtà singolari, complesse e dinamiche. Oltre ai ben familiari pianeti, le popolazioni dei Near Earth Asteroids e dei Corpi Minori sono di grande interesse per la ricerca moderna, poiché costituiscono i cosiddetti "mattoni primordiali" che tengono traccia delle condizioni fisico-chimiche dell’epoca di origine del Sistema Solare. Le osservazioni in remote sensing effettuate con imager multispettrali e spettrometri ad alta risoluzione possono contribuire in modo significativo alla conoscenza delle caratteristiche fisiche e delle proprietà dinamiche sia dei pianeti che dei Corpi Minori, e sono quindi fondamentali per fornire nuova luce sulla formazione e l'evoluzione del Sistema Solare. A tal fine, in questo lavoro di tesi, sono stati analizzati due diversi strumenti ottici, il primo dei quali è una camera, basata su un telescopio Three-Mirror-Anastigmatic (TMA), con due diversi piani focali (VIS/IR), mentre il secondo è un sistema di stereo-imaging iperspettrale, sempre alimentato da un telescopio TMA. Entrambi gli strumenti sono stati studiati in precedenza; i layout esistenti sono serviti come punto di partenza per un miglioramento generale delle prestazioni dello strumento o per l'adeguamento a nuovi requisiti attraverso l'inclusione di superfici ottiche freeform negli specchi dei telescopi. Tali ottiche hanno fornito ulteriori gradi di libertà al progetto, consentendo la correzione delle principali aberrazioni limitanti. L'inclusione di queste superfici ha permesso di soddisfare i requisiti imposti per entrambi gli strumenti, ottenendo buone prestazioni. Il design finale della camera è adattabile a missioni spaziali verso corpi asteroidali o verso i pianeti esterni e le loro lune, mentre il sistema di stereo-imaging verrà proposto per una missione di mapping lunare.
Design of freeform optics based instruments for Solar System exploration
MILAN, GIORGIA
2022/2023
Abstract
Space missions to the planetary bodies of our Solar System have revealed unique, complex and dynamic worlds. In addition to the well-known planets, the populations of Near-Earth Asteroids and Minor Bodies are also of great interest to modern research, as they constitute primitive- leftover building blocks of the Solar System formation process, and can provide clues to the chemical mixture from which the planets formed. Remote sensing observations performed by multi-spectral imagers and high-resolution imaging spectrometers on board of spacecrafts may contribute significantly to our knowledge of the physical characteristics and dynamical properties of both Planets and Minor Bodies, and thus are fundamental to provide new insights into the formation and evolution of the Solar System. To this end, two different optical instruments have been analysed, the first being a camera, based on a Three-Mirror Anastigmatic (TMA) telescope, with two different focal planes (VIS/IR), and the second a hyperspectral stereo imaging system, still fed by a TMA telescope. Both instruments have been previously investigated, and the existing layouts served as a starting point for a novel improvement through the inclusion of freeform optical surfaces within the telescopes, which provided additional degrees of freedom to the design, allowing correction of the major limiting aberrations. The inclusion of these surfaces enabled to meet the requirements for both the instruments, while still achieving a good performance. The resulting design for the camera is suitable for space missions to asteroidal bodies or to the Outer Planets and their moons, while the stereo-imaging system will be proposed for a lunar mapping space mission.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/55234