Introduction. Neonatal Arterial Ischemic Stroke (NAIS) is an acute event that occurs within the first 28 days of life and is confirmed by the presence of a recent focal ischemic area in neuroimaging. It has an incidence of 1:2500/1:4000 live births and has a multifactorial etiopathogenesis involving maternal/placental and fetal/neonatal risk factors. Common clinical manifestations include seizures, alterations in mental state and muscle tone, and a significant proportion of patients has permanent neurological sequelae, such as epilepsy or motor and cognitive disabilities. Aim of the study. The aims of this study are to describe NAIS cases in Italy using data from the Italian Infant Thrombosis Registry (R.I.T.I.) and identify factors that influence neurological outcomes and the risk of epileptic seizures in the follow-up period. Materials and Methods The study is observational, retrospective, non-sponsored, nonprofit. NAIS cases were extracted from the R.I.T.I., and a descriptive analysis of the population was performed. Data were categorized and analyzed as categorical and continuous variables and compared with relevant literature. To evaluate risk factors associated with outcomes in the follow-up, statistical tests such as the Wilcoxon test, chi-square, and Fisher's test were used. Univariate logistic regression models were employed to assess the association between covariates and the outcome of interest. Results A total of 181 NAIS patients were identified (56.2% males). Maternal risk factors include: positive vaginal swab tests in 29.3%, premature rupture of membranes in 14%, maternal infections during pregnancy in 16.1%, and peripartum infections in 10.1%; other pregnancy-related pathologies were present in 24.8%, and placental disorders in 7.9%. Foetal and neonatal risk factors include: cesarean section delivery in 50%, and Apgar score < 7 at the 5th minute in 10.6%, specific neonatal period alterations were found in 46.5% of cases (60/129), including resuscitation at birth in 35/60 and the need for assisted ventilation in 25/60 cases; additionally, 46.4% had positive thrombophilia screening, 32.4% had cardiac disorders, and 18.2% had infections. In 87.6% of cases, onset was symptomatic, with epileptic seizures in 79.4%. 85.5% required admission to the intensive care unit. Brain MRI was performed in 93.6% of cases, transfontanelle ultrasound in 77%, and EEG in 94.7%. In 62% of cases, the lesion was located on the left side, with the left middle cerebral artery being the most affected (56.2%). A single infarct was described in 67% of cases, and antithrombotic therapies were given in 16% of cases. The average hospitalization was 25 days long. Follow-up data were available for 69.1% of patients, with an average length of 35 months. Neurological deficits were reported in 38.8% of cases, and 12% experienced epileptic seizures during follow-up. One stroke recurrence occurred during hospitalization, and two more were observed during follow-up. The analysis of variables associated with neurological deficits in the follow-up revealed as significant factors: emergency c-section, maternal age ≥32 years, lower gestational age, presence of neurological deficits at discharge, and development of epileptic seizures during follow-up. Significant factors for the development of epileptic seizures during follow-up included: need for assisted ventilation, lesions in the brainstem and hospitalization for ≥19 days. Conclusions This study described the etiological, clinical, radiological, and outcome characteristics of the NAIS population in the R.I.T.I. and identified risk factors associated with poorer long-term outcomes. It also highlighted that the R.I.T.I., with its extensive population and data collection, represents an important resource for potential future projects aimed at identifying strategies for preventing and diagnosing infantile thrombosis.
Introduzione. Lo stroke ischemico arterioso neonatale (NAIS) è uno evento acuto che si presenta nei primi 28 giorni di vita, confermato dalla presenza al neuroimaging di una recente area focale ischemica. Ha un’incidenza di 1:2500/1:4000 nati vivi e presenta un’eziopatogenesi multifattoriale, con fattori di rischio materni/placentari e fetali/neonatali. Le manifestazioni più comuni all’esordio sono convulsioni, alterazioni dello stato mentale e del tono muscolare, con esiti neurologici permanenti in una proporzione significativa, tra cui epilessia, disabilità motorie o cognitive. Scopo dello studio. Obiettivi dello studio sono descrivere i casi di NAIS in Italia utilizzando i dati dal Registro Italiano Trombosi Infantile (R.I.T.I.) e identificare i fattori associati a outcome neurologico e rischio di crisi epilettiche al follow-up. Materiali e metodi. Lo studio è di tipo osservazionale, longitudinale retrospettivo, non sponsorizzato, no-profit. Dal R.I.T.I. sono stati estratti i casi di NAIS, ed è stata effettuata un’analisi descrittiva della popolazione. I dati sono stati elaborati in variabili categoriche e continue, e confrontati con la letteratura pertinente. Per la valutazione dei fattori di rischio associati ad outcome al follow-up sono stati utilizzati il test di Wilcoxon, di chi-quadrato e di Fisher. Per valutare l'associazione tra covariate ed esito di interesse è stato utilizzato un modello di regressione logistica univariata. Risultati. Sono stati individuati 181 pazienti con NAIS (56,2% maschi). Tra i fattori di rischio materni si segnalano: tampone vaginale positivo nel 29,3%, rottura prematura delle membrane nel 14%, infezioni materne in gravidanza nel 16,1% e peripartum nel 10,1%, altre patologie in gravidanza nel 24,8% e disordini placentari nel 7,9%. Tra i fattori di rischio fetali e neonatali sono stati individuati: parto cesareo nel 50%, indice Apgar al 5° minuto < 7 nel 10,6%, alterazioni specifiche dell’epoca neonatale nel 46,5% dei casi (60/129, di cui rianimazione alla nascita in 35/60 e necessità di ventilazione assistita in 25/60), positività allo screening trombofilico nel 46,4%, disordini cardiaci nel 32,4% ed infezioni nel 18,2%. Nell’87,6% lo stroke ha avuto un esordio sintomatico, con crisi epilettiche nel 79,4%. Nell’85,5% si è ricorsi al ricovero in terapia intensiva. La RM cerebrale è stata eseguita nel 93,6%, l’ecografia transfontanellare nel 77% e l’EEG nel 94,7%. Nel 62% la lesione si è presentata a sinistra e il vaso più coinvolto è stata l’arteria cerebrale media sinistra (56,2%). Nel 67% è stato descritto un infarto singolo. Terapie antitrombotiche sono state somministrate nel 16%. Il ricovero in media è durato 25 giorni. Un follow-up a distanza è disponibile per il 69,1% dei casi, con durata media di 35 mesi. Deficit neurologici e crisi epilettiche all’ultimo follow-up sono stati segnalati rispettivamente nel 38,8%, e nel 12%. In 1 paziente si è verificata recidiva di evento trombotico durante il ricovero (non in sede cerebrale), e in 2 al follow-up. L'indagine sulle variabili associate a deficit neurologici al follow-up ha evidenziato come significative: parto cesareo d'urgenza, età materna ≥32 anni, minor età gestazionale, presenza di deficit neurologi alla dimissione e presenza di crisi epilettiche al follow-up. Per lo sviluppo di crisi epilettiche al follow-up sono risultate significative: necessità di ventilazione assistita, lesioni del tronco encefalico e ricovero ≥19 giorni. Conclusioni Abbiamo descritto le caratteristiche eziologiche, cliniche, radiologiche e di outcome della popolazione del R.I.T.I con NAIS e alcuni fattori di rischio associati a peggior outcome a lungo termine. Il Registro R.I.T.I., grazie ad un’ampia popolazione e una vasta raccolta di dati, rappresenta un'importante risorsa per possibili futuri progetti volti ad individuare strategie preventive e di diagnosi per le trombosi infantili.
Aggiornamento sulla casistica italiana di stroke ischemico arterioso neonatale raccolta nel Registro Italiano della Trombosi Infantile (R.I.T.I.)
CAO, VIRGINIA
2022/2023
Abstract
Introduction. Neonatal Arterial Ischemic Stroke (NAIS) is an acute event that occurs within the first 28 days of life and is confirmed by the presence of a recent focal ischemic area in neuroimaging. It has an incidence of 1:2500/1:4000 live births and has a multifactorial etiopathogenesis involving maternal/placental and fetal/neonatal risk factors. Common clinical manifestations include seizures, alterations in mental state and muscle tone, and a significant proportion of patients has permanent neurological sequelae, such as epilepsy or motor and cognitive disabilities. Aim of the study. The aims of this study are to describe NAIS cases in Italy using data from the Italian Infant Thrombosis Registry (R.I.T.I.) and identify factors that influence neurological outcomes and the risk of epileptic seizures in the follow-up period. Materials and Methods The study is observational, retrospective, non-sponsored, nonprofit. NAIS cases were extracted from the R.I.T.I., and a descriptive analysis of the population was performed. Data were categorized and analyzed as categorical and continuous variables and compared with relevant literature. To evaluate risk factors associated with outcomes in the follow-up, statistical tests such as the Wilcoxon test, chi-square, and Fisher's test were used. Univariate logistic regression models were employed to assess the association between covariates and the outcome of interest. Results A total of 181 NAIS patients were identified (56.2% males). Maternal risk factors include: positive vaginal swab tests in 29.3%, premature rupture of membranes in 14%, maternal infections during pregnancy in 16.1%, and peripartum infections in 10.1%; other pregnancy-related pathologies were present in 24.8%, and placental disorders in 7.9%. Foetal and neonatal risk factors include: cesarean section delivery in 50%, and Apgar score < 7 at the 5th minute in 10.6%, specific neonatal period alterations were found in 46.5% of cases (60/129), including resuscitation at birth in 35/60 and the need for assisted ventilation in 25/60 cases; additionally, 46.4% had positive thrombophilia screening, 32.4% had cardiac disorders, and 18.2% had infections. In 87.6% of cases, onset was symptomatic, with epileptic seizures in 79.4%. 85.5% required admission to the intensive care unit. Brain MRI was performed in 93.6% of cases, transfontanelle ultrasound in 77%, and EEG in 94.7%. In 62% of cases, the lesion was located on the left side, with the left middle cerebral artery being the most affected (56.2%). A single infarct was described in 67% of cases, and antithrombotic therapies were given in 16% of cases. The average hospitalization was 25 days long. Follow-up data were available for 69.1% of patients, with an average length of 35 months. Neurological deficits were reported in 38.8% of cases, and 12% experienced epileptic seizures during follow-up. One stroke recurrence occurred during hospitalization, and two more were observed during follow-up. The analysis of variables associated with neurological deficits in the follow-up revealed as significant factors: emergency c-section, maternal age ≥32 years, lower gestational age, presence of neurological deficits at discharge, and development of epileptic seizures during follow-up. Significant factors for the development of epileptic seizures during follow-up included: need for assisted ventilation, lesions in the brainstem and hospitalization for ≥19 days. Conclusions This study described the etiological, clinical, radiological, and outcome characteristics of the NAIS population in the R.I.T.I. and identified risk factors associated with poorer long-term outcomes. It also highlighted that the R.I.T.I., with its extensive population and data collection, represents an important resource for potential future projects aimed at identifying strategies for preventing and diagnosing infantile thrombosis.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/55382