Approximately 280 million people in the world live with depression, a common mental health disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, loss of interest or pleasure in activities, and a range of other emotional and physical symptoms such as headaches, stomach-aches or chronic pain, significant weight loss or weight gain, and sleep disturbances. Depression is a curable condition; various treatments are available, and the first-line medical care includes psychotherapy combined with pharmacotherapy. The available medications regulate the balance of primary neurotransmitters in the brain, in particular serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. These treatments are limited by therapeutic time lag, often weeks or months, low effective rate and serious side effects such as decreased alertness while driving, headaches, sexual problems, and nausea. For these reasons, the scientific community is looking for new antidepressant drugs with lower adverse effects and more rapid onset of therapeutic action. According to recent studies, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists represent new promising drug candidates. NMDA receptor is an ionotropic glutamate receptor. Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter involved in many physiological processes, such as synaptogenesis, memory, and learning, and high levels of this neurotransmitter cause excessive stimulation of NMDA receptors, leading to massive Ca2+ influx in neuronal cells, which damages them. A new approved drug that binds to the NMDA receptor as a noncompetitive antagonist is (S)-ketamine or esketamine, sold under the commercial name Spravato®; it is effective for treatment-resistant depression, but its use is limited due to the risk of psychotomimetic effects and the potential for abuse. Research for a better antidepressant drug with the same mechanism of action of (S)-ketamine led to the drug repurposing of methadone, already approved as an analgesic opioid in the form of racemic mixture. Both isomers target the NMDA receptor, but only dextromethadone, the (S)-enantiomer of methadone, has a low affinity for μ opioid receptors, thus a low abuse potential. Furthermore, Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical studies conducted by Relmada Therapeutics have demonstrated rapid and long-lasting antidepressant activity with negligible adverse effects. The recent interest in (S)-methadone pharmacology, and the benefit of its administration as a single enantiomer led to the search of a new efficient and scalable pathway to synthetically produce it as a single enantiomer. Previously other research groups tried to reach this result, but their processes were affected by poor yield and optical purity, high cost for scale-up processes or the formation of undesirable impurities. Therefore, the aim of this thesis project was to develop a new efficient and scalable enantiopure (S)-methadone synthetic strategy.
Circa 280 milioni di persone nel mondo soffrono di depressione, un disturbo mentale molto comune caratterizzato da sentimenti persistenti di tristezza, perdita di interesse o piacere nelle attività e una serie di altri sintomi emotivi e fisici come mal di testa, dolori di stomaco o dolore cronico, significativa perdita o aumento di peso, disturbi del sonno. La depressione si può curare, sono disponibili diversi trattamenti; quelli di prima linea includono la psicoterapia e la terapia farmacologica. I farmaci approvati regolano l’equilibrio dei neurotrasmettitori primari nel cervello, in particolare di serotonina, noradrenalina e dopamina. Questi trattamenti sono limitati da un intervallo terapeutico di tempo di settimane o mesi prima di vedere gli effetti farmacologici, hanno un basso tasso di efficacia e gravi effetti collaterali come diminuzione della vigilanza durante la guida, mal di testa, problemi sessuali e nausea. Per questi motivi la comunità scientifica è alla ricerca di nuovi farmaci antidepressivi con minori effetti collaterali e con una rapida insorgenza dell'azione terapeutica. Secondo recenti studi gli antagonisti del recettore N-metil-D-aspartato (NMDA) rappresenterebbero dei nuovi candidati farmaci. NMDA è un recettore ionotropico del glutammato: un neurotrasmettitore eccitatorio coinvolto in molti processi fisiologici, come la sinaptogenesi, la memoria e l'apprendimento; tuttavia, alti livelli di questo neurotrasmettitore causano un'eccessiva stimolazione dei recettori NMDA, risultando, quindi, in un massiccio afflusso di Ca2+ nelle cellule neuronali, danneggiandole. Un nuovo farmaco recentemente approvato che si lega al recettore NMDA come antagonista non competitivo è (S)-ketamina o esketamina, venduto con nome commerciale di Spravato®; nonostante sia efficace per il trattamento della depressione resistente il suo uso è limitato a causa del rischio di effetti psicotomimetici e del potenziale di abuso. La ricerca di un farmaco antidepressivo migliore con lo stesso meccanismo d'azione della (S)-ketamina ha portato al riposizionamento del metadone, già approvato come analgesico oppioide in miscela racemica. Entrambi gli isomeri si legano al recettore NMDA, ma solo il destrometadone, l'enantiomero (S) del metadone, ha una bassa affinità per i recettori μ oppioidi e di conseguenza un basso potenziale d’abuso. Inoltre, studi clinici di fase 1 e fase 2 condotti da Relmada Therapeutics hanno dimostrato un'attività antidepressiva rapida e duratura con effetti avversi trascurabili. Il recente interesse per la farmacologia del (S)-metadone e il beneficio della sua somministrazione come singolo enantiomero ha portato alla ricerca di una nuova via di sintesi per produrlo come singolo enantiomero. In precedenza, altri gruppi di ricerca hanno cercato di ottenere lo stesso risultato, ma le loro sintesi erano caratterizzate da rese e purezze ottiche basse, costi elevati durante il processo di scale-up o la formazione di impurità indesiderate. Pertanto, lo scopo di questo progetto di tesi era quello di sviluppare una nuova via sintetica efficiente, scalabile e per l’ottenimento di destrometadone enantiopuro.
Development of a new synthetic process for the synthesis of (S)-methadone and (S)- and (R)-isomethadone as NMDA receptor antagonists for the treatment of depression.
FABRIS, LAURA
2022/2023
Abstract
Approximately 280 million people in the world live with depression, a common mental health disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, loss of interest or pleasure in activities, and a range of other emotional and physical symptoms such as headaches, stomach-aches or chronic pain, significant weight loss or weight gain, and sleep disturbances. Depression is a curable condition; various treatments are available, and the first-line medical care includes psychotherapy combined with pharmacotherapy. The available medications regulate the balance of primary neurotransmitters in the brain, in particular serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. These treatments are limited by therapeutic time lag, often weeks or months, low effective rate and serious side effects such as decreased alertness while driving, headaches, sexual problems, and nausea. For these reasons, the scientific community is looking for new antidepressant drugs with lower adverse effects and more rapid onset of therapeutic action. According to recent studies, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists represent new promising drug candidates. NMDA receptor is an ionotropic glutamate receptor. Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter involved in many physiological processes, such as synaptogenesis, memory, and learning, and high levels of this neurotransmitter cause excessive stimulation of NMDA receptors, leading to massive Ca2+ influx in neuronal cells, which damages them. A new approved drug that binds to the NMDA receptor as a noncompetitive antagonist is (S)-ketamine or esketamine, sold under the commercial name Spravato®; it is effective for treatment-resistant depression, but its use is limited due to the risk of psychotomimetic effects and the potential for abuse. Research for a better antidepressant drug with the same mechanism of action of (S)-ketamine led to the drug repurposing of methadone, already approved as an analgesic opioid in the form of racemic mixture. Both isomers target the NMDA receptor, but only dextromethadone, the (S)-enantiomer of methadone, has a low affinity for μ opioid receptors, thus a low abuse potential. Furthermore, Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical studies conducted by Relmada Therapeutics have demonstrated rapid and long-lasting antidepressant activity with negligible adverse effects. The recent interest in (S)-methadone pharmacology, and the benefit of its administration as a single enantiomer led to the search of a new efficient and scalable pathway to synthetically produce it as a single enantiomer. Previously other research groups tried to reach this result, but their processes were affected by poor yield and optical purity, high cost for scale-up processes or the formation of undesirable impurities. Therefore, the aim of this thesis project was to develop a new efficient and scalable enantiopure (S)-methadone synthetic strategy.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/55502