Nowadays, pharmaceutical industries are facing various challenges and one of them regards the difficulty of discovering novel molecules capable of binding challenging targets, often referred as “undruggable”. Therefore, exploring new frontiers and implementing well-known methodologies in pharmaceutical research is necessary. An engaging topic is macrocycle peptides, cyclic structures composed of amino acids. These macrocycles exhibit the remarkable ability to not only bind to arduous protein surfaces, such as flat ones, but can also permeate biological membranes as an exception to Lipinski’s rule of 5. These properties contribute to the enhancement in the drug likeness of macrocycles compared to traditional small molecules or biologics. However, the majority of macrocycles that are to be found in nature show limited variability, thus there is the necessity to synthesize and screen new macrocycles libraries engineered in laboratories in order to fully exploit all potential. Among the various synthesis methodologies available, one promising avenue involves a biotechnological approach utilizing phages - viruses whose genetic material can be easily expanded to produce chimeric membrane proteins. Thus, phages can display a peptide derived from a DNA library physically linked to one of their coat proteins. Furthermore, combining this approach with the concept of constructing hybrid chemical-biological libraries through chemical modifications to enhance both size and chemical variety of the library appears to be an optimal strategy to achieve the primary aim. This thesis focuses on the assessment of a phage display-based screening method, which has been optimized to meet the prerequisites for future application within the context of macrocycles, aiming to evolve into a high-throughput and semi-automated protocol. At this stage, the amount of phage input has been improved and the method has been tested with so-called undruggable targets. The phage display libraries employed for this assessment have been less complex and consist in linear peptides of a prefixed lengths, with the intention of fully establishing the potential of the approach. This strategy enables to obtain consensus sequences that can serve as a template for the creation of focused libraries based on macrocycles. Finally, one of the targets tested in this work is receptor for the interleukin 23 (IL23R), a receptor which is predominantly present in immune system cells. In its activated state, this receptor binds the interleukin 23 (IL23) thereby initiating a proinflammatory signalling cascade. The therapeutic importance of targeting IL23R is related to its involvement in inflammatory diseases, such as ulcerative colitis, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, Crohn’s disease. Another selection was performed against the mutated truncation of Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC), a mutated protein present in early-stage colon rectal cancer. This protein is involved in many processes that can be divided into Wingless Integrated (Wnt) signalling pathway dependent and independent, overall regulating cell proliferation and migration.
Al giorno d’oggi, il settore farmaceutico si ritrova ad affrontare diverse sfide – una in particolare riguarda la complessità nello sviluppare nuove molecole in grado di legare bersagli più complicati, cosiddetti “undruggable”. Vi è dunque la necessità di esplorare non solo nuove frontiere, ma anche di affinare le metodologie già ben consolidate nella ricerca farmaceutica. Un ambito di grande interesse è quello dei peptidi macrociclici, anelli di natura amminoacidica in grado di legare anche le superfici proteiche più complesse, come ad esempio quelle prive di tasche, ma soprattutto capaci di permeare attraverso le membrane biologiche, pur non rispettando la regola del 5 di Lipinski. Queste proprietà rendono i macrocicli una categoria di molecole interessante per lo sviluppo di nuovi farmaci rispetto alle piccole molecole sintetiche a basso peso molecolare e i biologics. Trovando tuttavia la maggior parte dei macrocicli in natura e quindi presenti in una variabilità limitata, si è stabilita la necessità di generare e testare librerie di macrocicli sintetizzati in laboratorio al fine di sfruttare a pieno le loro potenzialità. Tra i vari metodi di sintesi di macrocicli possibili, vi è la possibilità di sfruttare un approccio di tipo biotecnologico attraverso i batteriofagi, virus il cui materiale genetico può essere facilmente espanso in modo da ottenere delle proteine chimeriche corrispondenti alle proteine del capside del fago attaccate al peptide proveniente, ad esempio, da una libreria di DNA. In aggiunta, è possibile far confluire in questa metodologia la possibilità di sfruttare librerie ibride caratterizzate da proprietà di tipo sia biologico che chimico, quali vastità di composti presenti e diversità chimica coperta da essi. Tale strategia sembra essere in grado di avvicinarci all’obiettivo prefissato. Questa tesi si focalizza sulla valutazione di un metodo di selezione basato sul phage display, il quale è stato ottimizzato al fine di soddisfare quelle che sono le esigenze per un successivo utilizzo nell’ambito dei macrocicli e la possibilità di traslare il protocollo ad un utilizzo high throughput di tipo semiautomatizzato. In questa fase, la quantità di partenza di fagi per ciascun round è stata ottimizzata. In seguito, il metodo è stato testato direttamente verso bersagli più complessi (undruggable), mentre le librerie utilizzate sono composte da peptidi lineari di lunghezza prefissata compresa tra 5 e 10 amminoacidi. In questo modo, il metodo acquista un primo fine, ovvero la possibilità di ottenere sequenze consenso che possono essere utilizzate in futuro come modelli di partenza per la creazione di librerie focalizzate basate su macrocicli. Uno dei bersagli impiegati in questo elaborato è il recettore per l’interleuchina 23 (IL23R), un recettore appartenente alle cellule del sistema immunitario. Nel suo stato attivato, IL23R interagisce con l’interleuchina 23 (IL23), generando una cascata di segnali proinfiammatori. L’importanza terapeutica nell’impedire l’attività di IL23R è dunque correlata al controllo di malattie di natura infiammatoria, come colite ulcerosa, spondilite anchilosante, artrite reumatoide, sclerosi multipla, psoriasi, malattia di Chron. Ulteriore oggetto di indagine è stata la proteina troncata Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC), una proteina mutata espressa nel cancro al colon retto agli stadi iniziali. La proteina è coinvolta in diversi processi che possono essere genericamente divisi in Wingless Integrated (Wnt) signalling pathway dipendenti e indipendenti, i quali riconducono alla regolazione della proliferazione e migrazione cellulare.
Automated phage display on challenging targets
RAMPINI, MARTA
2022/2023
Abstract
Nowadays, pharmaceutical industries are facing various challenges and one of them regards the difficulty of discovering novel molecules capable of binding challenging targets, often referred as “undruggable”. Therefore, exploring new frontiers and implementing well-known methodologies in pharmaceutical research is necessary. An engaging topic is macrocycle peptides, cyclic structures composed of amino acids. These macrocycles exhibit the remarkable ability to not only bind to arduous protein surfaces, such as flat ones, but can also permeate biological membranes as an exception to Lipinski’s rule of 5. These properties contribute to the enhancement in the drug likeness of macrocycles compared to traditional small molecules or biologics. However, the majority of macrocycles that are to be found in nature show limited variability, thus there is the necessity to synthesize and screen new macrocycles libraries engineered in laboratories in order to fully exploit all potential. Among the various synthesis methodologies available, one promising avenue involves a biotechnological approach utilizing phages - viruses whose genetic material can be easily expanded to produce chimeric membrane proteins. Thus, phages can display a peptide derived from a DNA library physically linked to one of their coat proteins. Furthermore, combining this approach with the concept of constructing hybrid chemical-biological libraries through chemical modifications to enhance both size and chemical variety of the library appears to be an optimal strategy to achieve the primary aim. This thesis focuses on the assessment of a phage display-based screening method, which has been optimized to meet the prerequisites for future application within the context of macrocycles, aiming to evolve into a high-throughput and semi-automated protocol. At this stage, the amount of phage input has been improved and the method has been tested with so-called undruggable targets. The phage display libraries employed for this assessment have been less complex and consist in linear peptides of a prefixed lengths, with the intention of fully establishing the potential of the approach. This strategy enables to obtain consensus sequences that can serve as a template for the creation of focused libraries based on macrocycles. Finally, one of the targets tested in this work is receptor for the interleukin 23 (IL23R), a receptor which is predominantly present in immune system cells. In its activated state, this receptor binds the interleukin 23 (IL23) thereby initiating a proinflammatory signalling cascade. The therapeutic importance of targeting IL23R is related to its involvement in inflammatory diseases, such as ulcerative colitis, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, Crohn’s disease. Another selection was performed against the mutated truncation of Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC), a mutated protein present in early-stage colon rectal cancer. This protein is involved in many processes that can be divided into Wingless Integrated (Wnt) signalling pathway dependent and independent, overall regulating cell proliferation and migration.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/55509