The Role of Eating Patterns and Biological Factors in Inducing Metabolic Improvement Following Bariatric Surgery or Dietary Intervention

Obesity and type 2 diabetes are major public health concerns with significant implications for patients and healthcare systems worldwide. Bariatric surgery and dietary interventions have been considered effective strategies for weight loss and metabolic improvement in individuals with obesity and diabetes. However, the effects of eating patterns on the results of these interventions as well as the comparison of the low-calorie diet and the bariatric surgery had not been investigated thoroughly. This thesis, which consists of 2 projects, investigates the short-term and medium-term metabolic improvements in patients with different eating patterns following bariatric surgery or low-calorie diet. The first project focused on examining the effects of five different eating patterns, such as meal frequency and timing, on post-operative metabolic outcomes. The second project compares the short-term metabolic effects of the low-calorie diet and bariatric surgery. During both projects, the levels of different plasma metabolites such as blood glucose were analyzed before and after the interventions using R programming. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to gather existing knowledge on the subject. The findings suggest that eating patterns could be associated with diabetes remission after bariatric surgery. Furthermore, the short-term metabolic improvement following the low-calorie diet and bariatric surgery are almost the same and the surgery could be replaceable by the diet in some subjects. The outcomes contribute to a better understanding of these interventions' success and provide important implications for clinical practice and the development of personalized treatment strategies for obesity management.