Thalidomide (TAL) is an active principle developed in 1954 by the German pharmaceutical company Chemie Grunenthal as a non-barbituric sedative and for the management of morning sickness in pregnant women but is currently used in oncology therapy due to its antineoangiogenic effect. Thalidomide is sadly known due to the huge number of severe birth defects caused to children born between the 1950s and 1960s. This event led to a series of studies aimed to understanding the pharmacokinetics and the mechanism of action; despite this, even today, these characteristics have not yet been fully clarified yet. What today is considered the main mechanism of action of TAL is the inhibition of neo-angiogenesis, an essential mechanism not only for embryogenesis but also for the growth and progression of neoplastic pathology, as essential for invasion and metastasis development. Therefore, TAL has been considered of possible use in cancer therapy. However, this use is associated with a lack of knowledge of possible side effects; for this reason the present thesis aims to describe and analyse the adverse effects observed in a cohort of 96 dogs and 6 cats with different neoplasms and treated with TAL, in the period between 2016 and 2022, at Anicura Veterinary Institute of Novara. Adverse effects were assessed and classified in accordance with the guidelines of the Veterinary Cooperative Oncology Group (VOCG). Animals that showed adverse effects were 41 (41.8%), of which 39 dogs and 2 cats. 7 dogs which showed adverse effects after being treated with other active principles were removed from this study. The subjects considered were therefore 34 of which 2 cats and 32 dogs. Symptoms mainly observed in the feline subpopulation were anorexia (50.0%) and lethargy/fatigue (100%) while in the canine subpopulation were observed: lethargy/fatigue (23.8%), diarrhea (19.0%), vomiting (11.1%), drowsiness (11.1%). nausea/ptialism (6.3%), depression of consciousness levels (4.8%), anorexia (3.2%), alterations of personality/behaviour (3.2%), ataxia (3.2%), right hemiparesis (3.2%), weakness of the hindquarters (1.6%), abdominal pain (1.6%), hypoacusia (1.6%), syncope (1.6%), alopecia (1.6%), bleeding/bleeding (1.6%) and pollakiuria (1.6%). The adverse effects observed in the feline sub-population were mainly grade 1 (66.6%) and only 1 cat showed a grade 3 adverse effect (33.3%). In both the canine and feline subpopulation, most adverse effects are grade 1 (42.86%). Only one subject (3.2%) had a grade 4 effect with serious consequences for life and which required urgent medical intervention and no subject (0.0%) showed adverse effects of grade 5 or a severity such to cause the death of the animal (both natural and by euthanasia). The study also identified and described 10 cases (dogs) in which the effects are reported in history as directly related to the administration of TAL and in one subject have disappeared with the suspension of administration while in another one they have disappeared with the decrease in dosage. The results obtained with this study and, in particular those regarding on the severity of the observed adverse effects, allow us to define that the use of TAL in cancer therapy is associated with a low presence of serious adverse effects. In fact, most of them fall in fact in a grade 1 or 2, therefore they do not have a strong impact on the quality of life of the animal, are self-limiting and do not require medical intervention.
La Talidomide (TAL) è un principio attivo sviluppato nel 1954 dalla compagnia farmaceutica tedesca Chemie Grunenthal come sedativo non barbiturico e per la gestione delle nausee mattutine nelle donne in gravidanza ma attualmente viene utilizzato in terapia oncologica grazie al suo effetto anti-neoangiogenico. TAL è tristemente nota a causa dell’epidemia di malformazioni che causò nei bambini nati tra gli anni ’50 e ’60. Tale evento portò ad uno susseguirsi di studi volti a comprenderne la farmacocinetica e il meccanismo d’azione; ciononostante ancora oggi tali caratteristiche non sono state ancora completamente chiarite. Quello che al giorno d’oggi è considerato il principale meccanismo d’azione della TAL, e che esita nell’insorgenza dei danni teratogenetici, consiste nell’inibizione della neo-angiogenesi, un meccanismo essenziale non solo per l’embriogenesi ma anche per la crescita e la progressione della patologia neoplastica, in quanto essenziale per l’invasione e lo sviluppo di metastasi. Motivo per cui la TAL è stata considerata di possibile impiego nella terapia oncologica. Tale utilizzo è però associato ad una scarsa conoscenza dei possibili effetti collaterali; ragion per cui la presente tesi si è posta l’obbiettivo di descrivere ed analizzare gli effetti avversi osservati in una coorte di 96 cani e 6 gatti con diverse neoplasie e trattati con TAL, nel periodo compreso tra il 2016 e il 2022, presso Anicura Istituto Veterinario di Novara. Gli effetti avversi sono stati valutati e classificati in accordo alle linee guida del Veterinary Cooperative Oncology Group (VOCG). Gli animali che hanno manifestato effetti avversi sono stati 41 (41,8%), di cui 39 cani e 2 gatti ma da essi sono stati rimossi 7 cani che hanno presentavano effetti avversi in corrispondenza della somministrazione di altri principi attivi. I soggetti considerati sono quindi stati 34 di cui 2 gatti e 32 cani. I sintomi principalmente osservati nella sottopopolazione felina sono stati anoressia (50,0%) e letargia/fatica (100%) mentre nella sottopopolazione canina sono stati osservati letargia/fatica (23,8%), diarrea (19,0%), vomito (11,1%), sonnolenza (11,1%). nausea/ptialismo (6,3%), depressione dei livelli di coscienza (4,8%), anoressia (3,2%), alterazioni della personalità/comportamento (3,2%), atassia (3,2%), emiparesi dx (3,2%), debolezza dei posteriori (1,6%), dolore addominale ( 1,6%), ipoacusia (1,6%), sincope (1,6%), alopecia (1,6%), emorragia/sanguinamento (1,6%) e pollachiuria (1,6%). Gli effetti avversi osservati nella sottopopolazione felina sono principalmente di grado 1 (66,6%) e solo 1 gatto ha manifestato un effetto avverso di grado 3 (33,3%). Nella sottopopolazione canina, come per quella felina, la maggior parte degli effetti avversi è di grado 1 (42,86%). Solo un soggetto (3,2%) ha avuto un effetto di grado 4 con conseguenze gravi per la vita con un la necessità di un intervento medico urgente e nessun soggetto (0,0%) ha manifestato effetti avversi di grado 5 ovvero di una gravità tale da causarne la morte dell’animale (sia naturale che tramite eutanasia). Lo studio ha inoltre identificato e descritto 10 casi (cani) in cui gli effetti sono riportati in anamnesi come direttamente correlati alla somministrazione di TAL. I risultati ottenuti con questo studio e in particolare quelli riguardanti la gravità degli effetti avversi osservati, ci permettono di definire che l’utilizzo di TAL in terapia oncologica è associato ad una scarsa presenza di effetti avversi gravi. La maggior parte di essi rientra difatti in un grado 1 o 2, quindi non hanno un forte impatto sulla qualità della vita dell’animale, sono autolimitante e non richiedono l’intervento medico. La loro scomparsa degli effetti avversi risulta inoltre facilmente ottenibile tramite la gestione della dose, l’interruzione della somministrazione.
Studio retrospettivo sulla potenziale tossicità di talidomide in terapia oncologica
FINOTTO, GIULIA
2022/2023
Abstract
Thalidomide (TAL) is an active principle developed in 1954 by the German pharmaceutical company Chemie Grunenthal as a non-barbituric sedative and for the management of morning sickness in pregnant women but is currently used in oncology therapy due to its antineoangiogenic effect. Thalidomide is sadly known due to the huge number of severe birth defects caused to children born between the 1950s and 1960s. This event led to a series of studies aimed to understanding the pharmacokinetics and the mechanism of action; despite this, even today, these characteristics have not yet been fully clarified yet. What today is considered the main mechanism of action of TAL is the inhibition of neo-angiogenesis, an essential mechanism not only for embryogenesis but also for the growth and progression of neoplastic pathology, as essential for invasion and metastasis development. Therefore, TAL has been considered of possible use in cancer therapy. However, this use is associated with a lack of knowledge of possible side effects; for this reason the present thesis aims to describe and analyse the adverse effects observed in a cohort of 96 dogs and 6 cats with different neoplasms and treated with TAL, in the period between 2016 and 2022, at Anicura Veterinary Institute of Novara. Adverse effects were assessed and classified in accordance with the guidelines of the Veterinary Cooperative Oncology Group (VOCG). Animals that showed adverse effects were 41 (41.8%), of which 39 dogs and 2 cats. 7 dogs which showed adverse effects after being treated with other active principles were removed from this study. The subjects considered were therefore 34 of which 2 cats and 32 dogs. Symptoms mainly observed in the feline subpopulation were anorexia (50.0%) and lethargy/fatigue (100%) while in the canine subpopulation were observed: lethargy/fatigue (23.8%), diarrhea (19.0%), vomiting (11.1%), drowsiness (11.1%). nausea/ptialism (6.3%), depression of consciousness levels (4.8%), anorexia (3.2%), alterations of personality/behaviour (3.2%), ataxia (3.2%), right hemiparesis (3.2%), weakness of the hindquarters (1.6%), abdominal pain (1.6%), hypoacusia (1.6%), syncope (1.6%), alopecia (1.6%), bleeding/bleeding (1.6%) and pollakiuria (1.6%). The adverse effects observed in the feline sub-population were mainly grade 1 (66.6%) and only 1 cat showed a grade 3 adverse effect (33.3%). In both the canine and feline subpopulation, most adverse effects are grade 1 (42.86%). Only one subject (3.2%) had a grade 4 effect with serious consequences for life and which required urgent medical intervention and no subject (0.0%) showed adverse effects of grade 5 or a severity such to cause the death of the animal (both natural and by euthanasia). The study also identified and described 10 cases (dogs) in which the effects are reported in history as directly related to the administration of TAL and in one subject have disappeared with the suspension of administration while in another one they have disappeared with the decrease in dosage. The results obtained with this study and, in particular those regarding on the severity of the observed adverse effects, allow us to define that the use of TAL in cancer therapy is associated with a low presence of serious adverse effects. In fact, most of them fall in fact in a grade 1 or 2, therefore they do not have a strong impact on the quality of life of the animal, are self-limiting and do not require medical intervention.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/56126