In the last decades, thanks to the increased survival of patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs), it has become evident that up to 80-100% of adult patients may experience difficulties in weaning from prolonged invasive mechanical ventilation, leading to extended hospitalization and subsequent physical disability due to a syndrome known as Intensive Care Unit-Acquired Weakness (ICUAW) (Kramer, 2017; Latronico and Bolton, 2011). Although the pathophysiological mechanisms of this condition are unknown, several associated risk factors have been identified, including the severity of the underlying illness, duration of ICU stay and mechanical ventilation, inflammation, sepsis, multiorgan dysfunction, immobilization, hyperglycemia, use of steroids and neuromuscular blockers (Kramer, 2017; Yang et al., 2018; LaRovere and Tasker, 2019). The diagnosis of ICUAW is based on the clinical presence of signs of respiratory and limb muscle weakness caused by nervous and muscular dysfunction, namely Critical Illness Polyneuropathy (CIP) and Critical Illness Myopathy (CIM), within the context of critical illness (Z'Graggen and Tankisi, 2020; Tankisi et al., 2020). The timing of ICUAW development remains uncertain, although literature reports indicate that alterations in neurophysiological tests conducted on peripheral nerves can be observed in adults as early as within the first 24-48 hours of ICU admission (Latronico et al., 2007). There is limited data regarding such neuromuscular dysfunctions in critically ill children, with an estimated incidence of around 1.5% (Kasinathan et al., 2021; Banwell et al., 2003), significantly lower compared to adults, likely due to the challenges in neurological clinical evaluation and limited routine use of electrophysiological studies in Pediatric Intensive Care Units (PICUs). In many ICUs, neurophysiological studies have become part of clinical practice and are performed in all admitted patients or those at higher risk of developing ICUAW (Latronico et al., 2007; Kelmenson et al., 2018; Moss et al., 2014). This paper proposes a simplified neurophysiological evaluation of two nerves in patients admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, which, if necessary, can be subsequently integrated with a comprehensive electrophysiological examination to achieve an early diagnosis of ICU-AW
Negli ultimi decenni, grazie all’aumento della sopravvivenza dei soggetti ricoverati nelle terapie intensive (TI), si è reso evidente come fino all’80-100% dei pazienti adulti possa presentare difficoltà di svezzamento dalla ventilazione meccanica invasiva, prolungata ospedalizzazione e successivamente disabilità fisica a causa di una sindrome, tutt’oggi sottodiagnosticata, definita Intensive Care Unit-Acquired Weakness (ICUAW) (Kramer, 2017; Latronico e Bolton, 2011). Sebbene i meccanismi fisiopatologici alla base di tale quadro siano sconosciuti, sono stati identificati molteplici fattori di rischio associati, quali la severità della patologia di base, la durata del ricovero in TI e di ventilazione meccanica, l’infiammazione, la sepsi e la disfunzione multiorgano, l'immobilizzazione, l’iperglicemia, l’uso di steroidi e di bloccanti neuromuscolari (Kramer, 2017; Yang et al., 2018; LaRovere e Tasker, 2019). La diagnosi di ICUAW si basa sulla presenza clinica di segni di debolezza muscolare respiratoria e agli arti, causata da una disfunzione nervosa e muscolare - rispettivamente Critical Illness Polyneuropathy (CIP) e Critical Illness Myopathy (CIM) - nel contesto della patologia critica (Z'Graggen e Tankisi, 2020; Tankisi et al., 2020). Le tempistiche di sviluppo della ICUAW rimangono incerte, sebbene in letteratura sia riportata negli adulti un’alterazione dei test neurofisiologici eseguiti sui nervi periferici già a partire dalle prime 24-48 ore dall’ingresso in TI (Latronico et al., 2007). In letteratura sono presenti pochi dati riguardanti tali disfunzioni neuromuscolari nei bambini critici, di cui viene riportata un’incidenza attorno a 1.5% (Kasinathan et al., 2021; Banwell et al., 2003), nettamente inferiore rispetto agli adulti, verosimilmente per la difficoltosa valutazione clinica neurologica e per la scarsa diffusione dell’utilizzo routinario di studi elettrofisiologici nelle Terapie Intensive Pediatriche (TIPed). In molte TI gli studi neurofisiologici sono entrati a far parte della pratica clinica e vengono eseguiti in tutti i pazienti ricoverati o in coloro che risultano maggiormente a rischio di sviluppare ICUAW (Latronico et al., 2007; Kelmenson et al., 2018; Moss et al., 2014). In questo elaborato si propone una valutazione elettrofisiologica semplificata di due nervi sui pazienti ricoverati nell’ Unità di Terapia Intensiva Pediatrica che, se necessario, può essere integrata successivamente con un esame elettrofisiologico completo, al fine di ottenere una diagnosi precoce di ICU-AW.
Valutazione del CMAP nei pazienti pediatrici in terapia intensiva: dati preliminari
SCOLARI, LETIZIA
2022/2023
Abstract
In the last decades, thanks to the increased survival of patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs), it has become evident that up to 80-100% of adult patients may experience difficulties in weaning from prolonged invasive mechanical ventilation, leading to extended hospitalization and subsequent physical disability due to a syndrome known as Intensive Care Unit-Acquired Weakness (ICUAW) (Kramer, 2017; Latronico and Bolton, 2011). Although the pathophysiological mechanisms of this condition are unknown, several associated risk factors have been identified, including the severity of the underlying illness, duration of ICU stay and mechanical ventilation, inflammation, sepsis, multiorgan dysfunction, immobilization, hyperglycemia, use of steroids and neuromuscular blockers (Kramer, 2017; Yang et al., 2018; LaRovere and Tasker, 2019). The diagnosis of ICUAW is based on the clinical presence of signs of respiratory and limb muscle weakness caused by nervous and muscular dysfunction, namely Critical Illness Polyneuropathy (CIP) and Critical Illness Myopathy (CIM), within the context of critical illness (Z'Graggen and Tankisi, 2020; Tankisi et al., 2020). The timing of ICUAW development remains uncertain, although literature reports indicate that alterations in neurophysiological tests conducted on peripheral nerves can be observed in adults as early as within the first 24-48 hours of ICU admission (Latronico et al., 2007). There is limited data regarding such neuromuscular dysfunctions in critically ill children, with an estimated incidence of around 1.5% (Kasinathan et al., 2021; Banwell et al., 2003), significantly lower compared to adults, likely due to the challenges in neurological clinical evaluation and limited routine use of electrophysiological studies in Pediatric Intensive Care Units (PICUs). In many ICUs, neurophysiological studies have become part of clinical practice and are performed in all admitted patients or those at higher risk of developing ICUAW (Latronico et al., 2007; Kelmenson et al., 2018; Moss et al., 2014). This paper proposes a simplified neurophysiological evaluation of two nerves in patients admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, which, if necessary, can be subsequently integrated with a comprehensive electrophysiological examination to achieve an early diagnosis of ICU-AWFile | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/56565