Background: Pain is now regarded as the fifth vital parameter to which various definitions are attributed, which can be summarised as 'unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage' (International Association for the Study of Pain). The subject of pain experienced by the newborn has, however, only gained greater relevance in recent decades, since until no more than thirty years ago it was believed that the latter were incapable of experiencing painful sensations; a theory that has been strongly refuted by recent anatomo-physiological studies. Problem: The evident characteristic of this type of patient is the inability to verbally express discomfort and/or pain in the same way as adult subjects, which is why the need arises for the nurse and the entire health care team to search for alternative systems for their assessment and monitoring. The aim of the survey was to investigate which neonatal pain assessment scales are considered to be the gold standard and to assess which are used in daily clinical practice in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU). Materials and methods: This thesis paper is structured in two ways: in the initial phase, a brief literature review on neonatal pain assessment scales was carried out. The keywords Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Newborn, Pain assessment, Neonatal pain scales, Rating scales, Assessment scales were used, by entering and combining them in the various search strings either as free terms or MesH terminology. The databases involved are PubMed, Cihnal, UpToDate, Cochrane Library and Ilisi. In the second phase, a survey was carried out by means of a questionnaire addressed to NICU nurses in three Operating Units (OUs) in Veneto. The questionnaire aimed at investigating the actual application of the neonatal pain assessment scales present and promoted by the literature in daily life, as well as to sound out the opinion of individual professionals on the subject. Results: The NICUs of the Alto Vicentino, Ca' Foncello and San Bortolo Hospitals were involved with a total of 81 nurses. The survey had an adherence and response rate of 40.74%. Several themes emerged: the main use of the EDIN, PIPP and NIPS scales in daily life, discrepancies of opinions regarding the real effectiveness of the instruments used, a great importance attributed to the personal experience of the professional and progressive changes in the consideration of neonatal pain. Conclusions: The comparison made between the results of the survey and the results of the literature review show a remarkable congruence. The topic of neonatal pain is certainly very topical and, through this thesis paper, the research, study and training work that is being progressively integrated into the operating units emerges. The literature offers numerous instruments for assessing neonatal pain, each characterised by favourable and unfavourable aspects. However, if adapted correctly to the situation and the newborn, these can prove to be a valuable aid for the practitioner.
Background: Il dolore viene oggi considerato come il quinto parametro vitale a cui vengono attribuite diverse definizioni che si possono racchiudere in “esperienza sensoriale ed emotiva spiacevole, associata a danno del tessuto reale o potenziale” (Associazione Internazionale per lo Studio del Dolore). Il tema del dolore provato dal neonato ha, però, acquisito maggiore rilevanza solo negli ultimi decenni in quanto fino a non più di trent’anni fa si riteneva che questi ultimi non fossero in grado di provare sensazioni dolorose; teoria fortemente smentita dai recenti studi anatomo-fisiologici. Problema: L’evidente caratteristica di questa tipologia di paziente è l’incapacità di espressione verbale di disagio e/o di dolore al pari di soggetti adulti, è per questo che sorge la necessità per l’infermiere e tutta l’équipe sanitaria di ricercare sistemi alternativi per la sua valutazione e monitoraggio. L’indagine effettuata mira ad indagare quali siano le scale di valutazione del dolore neonatale considerate come gold standard e valutare quali siano quelle utilizzate nella pratica clinica quotidiana nelle Unità Operative di Terapia Intensiva Neonatale (TIN). Materiali e metodi: Il presente elaborato si tesi si articola in due modi: nella fase iniziale è stata svolta una breve revisione della letteratura sulle scale di valutazione del dolore neonatale. Sono state utilizzate le parole chiave Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Newborn, Pain assessment, Neonatal pain scales, Rating scales, Assessment scales, inserendole e combinandole nelle varie stringhe di ricerca sia come termini liberi, sia come terminologia MesH. Le banche dati coinvolte sono PubMed, Cihnal, UpToDate, Cochrane Library e Ilisi. Nella seconda fase è stata effettuata un’indagine tramite questionario rivolto agli infermieri di TIN in tre Unità Operative (UU.OO.) del Veneto. Il questionario voleva indagare la reale applicazione che trovano le scale di valutazione del dolore neonatale presenti e promosse dalla letteratura nella realtà quotidiana, nonché sondare l’opinione dei singoli professionisti in merito la tematica. Risultati: Sono state coinvolte le UU.OO. di TIN degli Ospedali Alto Vicentino, Ca’ Foncello e San Bortolo con un totale di 81 infermieri. L’indagine ha avuto un tasso di adesione e risposta pari al 40,74%. Sono emerse diverse tematiche: l’utilizzo principale delle scale EDIN, PIPP e NIPS nella realtà quotidiana, discrepanze di opinioni riguardo la reale efficacia degli strumenti utilizzati, una grande importanza attribuita all’esperienza personale del professionista e progressivi cambiamenti nella considerazione del dolore neonatale. Conclusioni: La comparazione effettuata tra i risultati dell’indagine e i risultati della revisione bibliografica dimostrano una notevole congruenza. La tematica del dolore neonatale è certamente molto attuale e, attraverso il presente elaborato di tesi emerge il lavoro di ricerca, studio e formazione che si sta integrando progressivamente nelle unità operative. La letteratura offre numerosi strumenti di valutazione del dolore neonatale, ognuno caratterizzato da aspetti favorevoli e aspetti svantaggiosi. Tuttavia, se adattati correttamente alla situazione e al neonato, questi possono rivelarsi un prezioso aiuto per il professionista.
Indagine multicentrica sul monitoraggio del dolore in Terapia Intensiva Neonatale
APOLLONI, GIORGIA
2022/2023
Abstract
Background: Pain is now regarded as the fifth vital parameter to which various definitions are attributed, which can be summarised as 'unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage' (International Association for the Study of Pain). The subject of pain experienced by the newborn has, however, only gained greater relevance in recent decades, since until no more than thirty years ago it was believed that the latter were incapable of experiencing painful sensations; a theory that has been strongly refuted by recent anatomo-physiological studies. Problem: The evident characteristic of this type of patient is the inability to verbally express discomfort and/or pain in the same way as adult subjects, which is why the need arises for the nurse and the entire health care team to search for alternative systems for their assessment and monitoring. The aim of the survey was to investigate which neonatal pain assessment scales are considered to be the gold standard and to assess which are used in daily clinical practice in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU). Materials and methods: This thesis paper is structured in two ways: in the initial phase, a brief literature review on neonatal pain assessment scales was carried out. The keywords Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Newborn, Pain assessment, Neonatal pain scales, Rating scales, Assessment scales were used, by entering and combining them in the various search strings either as free terms or MesH terminology. The databases involved are PubMed, Cihnal, UpToDate, Cochrane Library and Ilisi. In the second phase, a survey was carried out by means of a questionnaire addressed to NICU nurses in three Operating Units (OUs) in Veneto. The questionnaire aimed at investigating the actual application of the neonatal pain assessment scales present and promoted by the literature in daily life, as well as to sound out the opinion of individual professionals on the subject. Results: The NICUs of the Alto Vicentino, Ca' Foncello and San Bortolo Hospitals were involved with a total of 81 nurses. The survey had an adherence and response rate of 40.74%. Several themes emerged: the main use of the EDIN, PIPP and NIPS scales in daily life, discrepancies of opinions regarding the real effectiveness of the instruments used, a great importance attributed to the personal experience of the professional and progressive changes in the consideration of neonatal pain. Conclusions: The comparison made between the results of the survey and the results of the literature review show a remarkable congruence. The topic of neonatal pain is certainly very topical and, through this thesis paper, the research, study and training work that is being progressively integrated into the operating units emerges. The literature offers numerous instruments for assessing neonatal pain, each characterised by favourable and unfavourable aspects. However, if adapted correctly to the situation and the newborn, these can prove to be a valuable aid for the practitioner.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/57122