Acute myeloid leukemia is a particular type of hematological neoplasm that develops in the bone marrow and is characterized by rapid neoplastic proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells. In Italy, based on data from the Italian Cancer Registry Association (AIRTUM), approximately seven children out of a million are affected: for pediatric patients, in terms of incidence. Referring to his pediatric patients, after acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, it represents the second most common leukemia. The diagnosis of cancer is a traumatic experience that negatively affects the entire family system; in order to reduce the psychopathological implications and to promote adequate therapeutic adherence a suitable communication is critical. Despite large-scale preclinical testing of alternative approaches to standard care, actually, the first-line treatment of acute myeloid leukemia is intensive chemotherapy. This therapy is composed by a first induction phase and a second consolidation phase, which offers the possibility, compared to the risk range, of an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. The cytotoxic action of oncological therapies, unfortunately, causes hematological and extra-hematological side effects of varying degrees and strictly related to the type and dose of drug used as well as to the individual factors and clinical picture of the patient. The duration of the therapies and hospitalization create a psychophysical disturbance in the child, such as to arouse feelings of aggression, fear, and anger. The nurse support represents an essential role in providing holistic clinical assistance, promoting adaptation to the new environment and creating a relationship of sharing and mutual trust. The objectives of this paper are: 1) identify possible care strategies to prevent complications, manage side effects, improve the child's quality of life; 2) identify the importance of the nursing role in the pediatric oncohematology department. The study involved a literature review through consultation of the PubMed database. Here below are listed the keywords used in the source search phase: “acute myeloid leukemia”, “oncology nursing”, “pediatric care”, “treatments”, “quality of life”, “palliative care”. Thanks to the information obtained from scientific review articles and meta-analyses, it is possible to conclude that adequate nursing care, supported by the application of complementary therapies, such as art therapy, music therapy, pet therapy and smile or clown therapy therapy, allow us to improve the quality of life of hospitalized cancer children. New approaches based on distraction, such as the use of video games or devices based on immersive virtual reality, are able to reduce pain, anxiety and fear, contributing positively to the psychophysical well-being of the young patient.
La leucemia mieloide acuta è un particolare tipo di neoplasia ematologica che si sviluppa nel midollo osseo ed è caratterizzata da una rapida proliferazione neoplastica delle cellule staminali ematopoietiche. In Italia, in base ai dati dell’Associazione Italiana Registro Tumori (AIRTUM), vengono colpiti circa sette bambini su un milione; per il paziente pediatrico, in termini di incidenza, è la seconda leucemia più frequente subito dopo la leucemia linfoblastica acuta. La diagnosi di tumore è un’esperienza traumatica che influisce negativamente su tutto il sistema familiare; un’idonea comunicazione risulta essere fondamentale al fine di ridurre quanto più possibile le implicazioni psicopatologiche e promuovere un’adeguata aderenza terapeutica. Nonostante la grande sperimentazione preclinica di approcci alternativi alle cure standard, attualmente, il trattamento di prima linea della leucemia mieloide acuta è rappresentato dalla chemioterapia intensiva. Tale terapia comprende una prima fase di induzione e una seconda fase di consolidamento, la quale offre la possibilità, in rapporto alla fascia di rischio, di un trapianto allogenico di cellule staminali ematopoietiche. L’azione citotossica delle terapie oncologiche, purtroppo, causa effetti collaterali di tipo ematologico ed extra ematologico di diversa entità e strettamente correlati al tipo e alla dose di farmaco utilizzato nonché ai fattori individuali e al quadro clinico del paziente. La durata delle terapie e l’ospedalizzazione creano un turbamento psicofisico nel bambino, tale da suscitare sentimenti di aggressività, paura e rabbia. La figura dell’infermiere riveste un ruolo essenziale al fine di fornire un’assistenza clinica olistica, favorendo l’adattamento al nuovo ambiente e creando una relazione di condivisione e fiducia reciproca. Gli obiettivi di questo elaborato sono stati: 1) identificare le possibili strategie assistenziali per prevenire complicanze, gestire gli effetti collaterali, migliorare la qualità di vita del bambino; 2) individuare l’importanza del ruolo infermieristico nel reparto di oncoematologia pediatrica. Lo studio ha previsto una revisione della letteratura attraverso la consultazione della banca dati PubMed. Di seguito vengono elencate le parole chiave impiegate nella fase di ricerca delle fonti: “acute myeloid leukemia”, “oncology nursing”, “pediatric care”, “treatments”, “quality of life”, “palliative care”. Grazie alle informazioni ottenute da articoli di revisione scientifica e meta-analisi, è stato possibile concludere che un’adeguata assistenza infermieristica, coadiuvata all’applicazione di terapie complementari, quali la art therapy, music therapy, pet therapy e la terapia del sorriso o clown terapia, permettono di migliorare la qualità di vita del bambino oncologico ospedalizzato. Nuovi approcci basati sulla distrazione, come l’utilizzo di videogiochi o dispositivi basati sulla realtà virtuale immersiva, sono capaci di ridurre il dolore, l’ansia e la paura, contribuendo positivamente al benessere psicofisico del piccolo paziente.
TERAPIE TRADIZIONALI E INNOVATIVE DELLA LEUCEMIA MIELOIDE ACUTA NEL PAZIENTE PEDIATRICO E NURSING ONCOLOGICO
BASSANI, GIULIA
2022/2023
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia is a particular type of hematological neoplasm that develops in the bone marrow and is characterized by rapid neoplastic proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells. In Italy, based on data from the Italian Cancer Registry Association (AIRTUM), approximately seven children out of a million are affected: for pediatric patients, in terms of incidence. Referring to his pediatric patients, after acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, it represents the second most common leukemia. The diagnosis of cancer is a traumatic experience that negatively affects the entire family system; in order to reduce the psychopathological implications and to promote adequate therapeutic adherence a suitable communication is critical. Despite large-scale preclinical testing of alternative approaches to standard care, actually, the first-line treatment of acute myeloid leukemia is intensive chemotherapy. This therapy is composed by a first induction phase and a second consolidation phase, which offers the possibility, compared to the risk range, of an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. The cytotoxic action of oncological therapies, unfortunately, causes hematological and extra-hematological side effects of varying degrees and strictly related to the type and dose of drug used as well as to the individual factors and clinical picture of the patient. The duration of the therapies and hospitalization create a psychophysical disturbance in the child, such as to arouse feelings of aggression, fear, and anger. The nurse support represents an essential role in providing holistic clinical assistance, promoting adaptation to the new environment and creating a relationship of sharing and mutual trust. The objectives of this paper are: 1) identify possible care strategies to prevent complications, manage side effects, improve the child's quality of life; 2) identify the importance of the nursing role in the pediatric oncohematology department. The study involved a literature review through consultation of the PubMed database. Here below are listed the keywords used in the source search phase: “acute myeloid leukemia”, “oncology nursing”, “pediatric care”, “treatments”, “quality of life”, “palliative care”. Thanks to the information obtained from scientific review articles and meta-analyses, it is possible to conclude that adequate nursing care, supported by the application of complementary therapies, such as art therapy, music therapy, pet therapy and smile or clown therapy therapy, allow us to improve the quality of life of hospitalized cancer children. New approaches based on distraction, such as the use of video games or devices based on immersive virtual reality, are able to reduce pain, anxiety and fear, contributing positively to the psychophysical well-being of the young patient.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/57127