Introduction: Headache is a complex and multifactorial condition that affects a large percentage of the population. Recognized as one of the leading causes of disability worldwide, it has a significant impact on the quality of life of affected individuals. However, it is often underestimated and the pharmacological treatments currently available have little or no efficacy and cause side effects. For this reason, interest is growing in new non-pharmacological approaches including the MAD (Modified Atkins Diet). The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the potential benefits of MAD in patients diagnosed with drug-resistant headache in terms of improvement in the frequency, duration and intensity of attacks and to examine its impact on metabolic and blood chemistry parameters in the short and long term. In addition, it aims to evaluate the possible maintenance of the benefits obtained in the transition from MAD to an LCD (Low Carb) diet. Lastly, explore the attrition rate through more intensive patient monitoring. Research method: The research was based on a retrospective observational study carried out on data previously collected during clinical visits of subjects suffering from drug-resistant headache who had been offered a low carbohydrate protocol as therapy. These subjects were referred by the Neurology UOC to the clinic of the Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition UOC of the University Hospital of Padua for an initial dietary evaluation during which if no contraindications were found, MAD was proposed. Subsequently, the subjects were re-evaluated at pre-established intervals in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the dietary therapy on headache by comparing the parameters of interest with those detected during the initial evaluation. Furthermore, subjects who intended to interrupt the dietary protocol or who made a transition to a low-carbohydrate (LCD) dietary protocol were studied. Results: The results of this study indicate a significant reduction in all controls of the parameters considered to characterize headache. Anthropometric parameters and arterial blood pressure also reduced, while no significant changes emerged in the average blood chemistry parameters, with the exception of LDL cholesterol at the 12-month follow-up. In addition to this, the maintenance of the benefits acquired during MAD was observed even after a year of transition to a hypoglucid regime (LCD), in fact no significant changes in the parameters evaluated were detected. Finally, a significant reduction in dropouts was observed in subjects monitored more intensively and subjected to nutritional education compared to those monitored in a standard manner. Conclusions: MAD appears to be effective as a therapy for drug-resistant headache, furthermore the transition from MAD to LCD seems to preserve the acquired benefits. Lastly, it emerges that more intensive monitoring together with nutritional education are functional in reducing the abandonment of dietary therapy.
Introduzione: La cefalea è una condizione complessa e multifattoriale che affligge una vasta percentuale della popolazione. Riconosciuta come una delle principali cause di disabilità a livello mondiale, essa esercita un impatto significativo sulla qualità della vita degli individui affetti. Tuttavia, spesso è sottovalutata e i trattamenti farmacologici attualmente disponibili, hanno una scarsa o nulla efficacia e determinano effetti collaterali. Per tale motivo sta crescendo l’interesse per nuovi approcci non farmacologici tra cui la MAD (Dieta Atkins Modificata). Lo scopo di questa tesi è quello di valutare i potenziali benefici della MAD, in pazienti con diagnosi di cefalea farmacoresistente in termini di miglioramento della frequenza, durata e intensità degli attacchi ed esaminarne l’impatto sui parametri metabolici ed ematochimici nel breve e lungo termine. In aggiunta, si pone come obiettivo quello di valutare il possibile mantenimento dei benefici ottenuti nel passaggio dalla MAD a una dieta LCD (Low Carb). Per ultimo, esplorare il tasso di abbandono mediante un monitoraggio più intensivo del paziente. Metodo della ricerca: La ricerca si è basata su uno studio di tipo retrospettivo osservazionale effettuato su dati precedentemente raccolti durante le visite cliniche di soggetti affetti da cefalea farmacoresistente a cui era stato proposto un protocollo a basso contenuto di carboidrati come terapia. Tali soggetti erano afferiti dalla UOC di Neurologia all’ambulatorio dell’UOC di Dietetica e Nutrizione Clinica dell’Azienda Ospedale Università di Padova per una prima valutazione dietologica durante la quale se non venivano riscontrate controindicazioni, veniva proposta la MAD. Successivamente i soggetti erano rivalutati a intervalli prestabiliti al fine di valutare l’efficacia della terapia dietetica sulla cefalea mediante il confronto dei parametri di interesse con quelli rilevati durante la valutazione iniziale. Inoltre, sono stati studiati i soggetti che hanno inteso interrompere il protocollo dietetico o che hanno effettuato una transizione ad un protocollo dietetico ipoglucidico (LCD). Risultati: I risultati di tale studio indicano una riduzione significativa a tutti i controlli dei parametri considerati per caratterizzare la cefalea. Anche i parametri antropometrici e la pressione arteriosa sanguigna si sono ridotti, mentre non sono emerse variazioni significative dei parametri ematochimici medi, ad eccezione del colesterolo LDL al controllo a 12 mesi. In aggiunta a ciò, si è osservato il mantenimento dei benefici acquisiti durante la MAD anche dopo un anno di transizione a regime ipoglucidico (LCD), infatti non sono state rilevate variazioni significative dei parametri valutati. Infine, si è osservata una riduzione significativa dei drop out nei soggetti monitorati in modo più intensivo e sottoposti a educazione nutrizionale rispetto a quelli monitorati in maniera standard. Conclusioni: La MAD sembra essere efficace come terapia per la cefalea farmacoresistente, inoltre il passaggio da MAD a LCD sembra preservare i benefici acquisiti. Per ultimo, emerge che un monitoraggio più intensivo unitamente all’educazione nutrizionale siano funzionali alla riduzione dell’abbandono della terapia dietetica.
Protocolli dietetici a basso contenuto di carboidrati nei pazienti con cefalea farmacoresistente: analisi dell'efficacia terapeutica e dell'aderenza al trattamento
GRIGOLETTO, NOEMI
2022/2023
Abstract
Introduction: Headache is a complex and multifactorial condition that affects a large percentage of the population. Recognized as one of the leading causes of disability worldwide, it has a significant impact on the quality of life of affected individuals. However, it is often underestimated and the pharmacological treatments currently available have little or no efficacy and cause side effects. For this reason, interest is growing in new non-pharmacological approaches including the MAD (Modified Atkins Diet). The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the potential benefits of MAD in patients diagnosed with drug-resistant headache in terms of improvement in the frequency, duration and intensity of attacks and to examine its impact on metabolic and blood chemistry parameters in the short and long term. In addition, it aims to evaluate the possible maintenance of the benefits obtained in the transition from MAD to an LCD (Low Carb) diet. Lastly, explore the attrition rate through more intensive patient monitoring. Research method: The research was based on a retrospective observational study carried out on data previously collected during clinical visits of subjects suffering from drug-resistant headache who had been offered a low carbohydrate protocol as therapy. These subjects were referred by the Neurology UOC to the clinic of the Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition UOC of the University Hospital of Padua for an initial dietary evaluation during which if no contraindications were found, MAD was proposed. Subsequently, the subjects were re-evaluated at pre-established intervals in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the dietary therapy on headache by comparing the parameters of interest with those detected during the initial evaluation. Furthermore, subjects who intended to interrupt the dietary protocol or who made a transition to a low-carbohydrate (LCD) dietary protocol were studied. Results: The results of this study indicate a significant reduction in all controls of the parameters considered to characterize headache. Anthropometric parameters and arterial blood pressure also reduced, while no significant changes emerged in the average blood chemistry parameters, with the exception of LDL cholesterol at the 12-month follow-up. In addition to this, the maintenance of the benefits acquired during MAD was observed even after a year of transition to a hypoglucid regime (LCD), in fact no significant changes in the parameters evaluated were detected. Finally, a significant reduction in dropouts was observed in subjects monitored more intensively and subjected to nutritional education compared to those monitored in a standard manner. Conclusions: MAD appears to be effective as a therapy for drug-resistant headache, furthermore the transition from MAD to LCD seems to preserve the acquired benefits. Lastly, it emerges that more intensive monitoring together with nutritional education are functional in reducing the abandonment of dietary therapy.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/57824