ABSTRACT The problem that this thesis aims to highlight is that of the most appropriate management of multiple organ donor in brain death by the hospital team, in particular by part of the professional figure of the nurse who, thanks to his skills, must be able to evaluate any change that can lead to serious instability hemodynamics resulting in hypoperfusion of the organs, compromising their functionality and the possibility of being transplanted. The treatment of the donor begins in the the moment of cessation of all brain function and this leads to some physiological changes such as: loss of spontaneous breath, electrolyte imbalances, hormonal and metabolic changes, changes in coagulation, loss of thermoregulation and loss of hemodynamic control. From the diagnosis of brain death begins a race against time to remarry the homeostasis of the donor. First, the team will try to restore sufficient perfusion to organs to be preserved by going to correct hypotension through the infusion of crystalloids/colloids to recover volemia and inotropic medication for improve myocardial contractility. In addition to hypotension is very important to prevent the onset of arrhythmias through the administration of antiarrhythmic therapy since the appearance of cardiac arrest can impair the function of organs. The medical team must have further consideration for the maintenance of trade respirators for proper and sufficient oxygenation. An intubated patient and without spontaneous breathing needs some precautions to prevent infections nosocomials or stasis pneumonia. It will be the job of the nurse to ensure correct posture of the body and administer humidified and heated gases to avoid the accumulation of secretions. A very susceptible parameter to brain death is body temperature since the thermoregulatory center located in the hypothalamus is affected. It is the task of the medical team and nursing avoid hypothermia and reach a body temperature around 36 - 37 degrees to prevent consequences such as arrhythmias, acidosis conditions and imbalances hydroelectric. Intensive donor treatment requires exemplary teamwork in order to reach the final goal or to better preserve the organs in order to offer someone else an extra life expectancy.
Il problema che questa tesi mira ad evidenziare consiste nella gestione più appropriata del donatore multiorgano in morte cerebrale da parte dell’equipe ospedaliera, in particolare da parte della figura professionale dell’infermerie che, grazie alle sue competenze, deve essere in grado di valutare ogni cambiamento che può portare ad una grave instabilità emodinamica con conseguente ipoperfusione degli organi, compromettendone la loro funzionalità e la possibilità di essere trapiantati. Il trattamento del donatore inizia nel momento in cui avviene la cessazione di tutte le funzionalità dell’encefalo e questo porta ad alcuni cambiamenti fisiologici quali: perdita del respiro spontaneo, squilibri elettrolitici, alterazioni ormonali e metaboliche, alterazioni della coagulazione, perdita della termoregolazione e perdita del controllo emodinamico. Dalla diagnosi di morte cerebrale inizia una corsa contro il tempo per rispristinare l’omeostasi del donatore. Come prima cosa l’equipe cercherà di ripristinare una perfusione sufficiente ad irrorare gli organi da preservare andando a correggere l’ipotensione attraverso l’infusione di cristalloidi/colloidi per recuperare la volemia e la somministrazione di farmaci inotropi per migliorare la contrattilità miocardica. Oltre all’ipotensione è importantissimo prevenire l’insorgenza di aritmie tramite la somministrazione di una terapia antiaritmica poiché la comparsa di un arresto cardiaco può compromettere la funzionalità degli organi. L’equipe medica deve avere un ulteriore riguardo per il mantenimento degli scambi respiratori affinché avvenga una corretta e sufficiente ossigenazione. Un paziente intubato e senza respiro spontaneo ha bisogno di alcune accortezze per prevenire infezioni nosocomiali o polmoniti da stasi. Sarà compito dell’infermiere provvedere a mantenere una postura corretta del corpo e somministrare gas umidificati e riscaldati per evitare l’accumulo di secrezioni. Un parametro molto suscettibile alla morte encefalica è la temperatura corporea poiché il centro termoregolatore situato nell’ipotalamo viene intaccato. E’ compito del team medico e infermieristico evitare l’ipotermia e raggiungere una temperatura corporea intorno ai 36 – 37 gradi per impedire conseguenze come aritmie, condizioni di acidosi e squilibri idroelettrici. Il trattamento intensivo del donatore richiede un lavoro di squadra esemplare per poter raggiungere l’obbiettivo finale ovvero preservare al meglio gli organi per poter offrire a qualcun altro una speranza di vita in più.
Il ruolo dell’infermiere nel monitoraggio emodinamico del donatore multiorgano in morte cerebrale
DAJA, REBEKA
2022/2023
Abstract
ABSTRACT The problem that this thesis aims to highlight is that of the most appropriate management of multiple organ donor in brain death by the hospital team, in particular by part of the professional figure of the nurse who, thanks to his skills, must be able to evaluate any change that can lead to serious instability hemodynamics resulting in hypoperfusion of the organs, compromising their functionality and the possibility of being transplanted. The treatment of the donor begins in the the moment of cessation of all brain function and this leads to some physiological changes such as: loss of spontaneous breath, electrolyte imbalances, hormonal and metabolic changes, changes in coagulation, loss of thermoregulation and loss of hemodynamic control. From the diagnosis of brain death begins a race against time to remarry the homeostasis of the donor. First, the team will try to restore sufficient perfusion to organs to be preserved by going to correct hypotension through the infusion of crystalloids/colloids to recover volemia and inotropic medication for improve myocardial contractility. In addition to hypotension is very important to prevent the onset of arrhythmias through the administration of antiarrhythmic therapy since the appearance of cardiac arrest can impair the function of organs. The medical team must have further consideration for the maintenance of trade respirators for proper and sufficient oxygenation. An intubated patient and without spontaneous breathing needs some precautions to prevent infections nosocomials or stasis pneumonia. It will be the job of the nurse to ensure correct posture of the body and administer humidified and heated gases to avoid the accumulation of secretions. A very susceptible parameter to brain death is body temperature since the thermoregulatory center located in the hypothalamus is affected. It is the task of the medical team and nursing avoid hypothermia and reach a body temperature around 36 - 37 degrees to prevent consequences such as arrhythmias, acidosis conditions and imbalances hydroelectric. Intensive donor treatment requires exemplary teamwork in order to reach the final goal or to better preserve the organs in order to offer someone else an extra life expectancy.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/58222