INTRODUCTION - Mental illness has always been labeled as an "out of the ordinary" phenomenon that in the past generated social marginalization and motivated the adoption of coercive practices. In Italy, the 1978 Basaglia Law led to the closure of asylums, but the use of restraint measures persists to this day, generating unsolved ethical debates. Currently, these practices aim to protect patients and staff from violent acts while also producing negative effects on the physical level of those who undergo them and on the psychological level, including by those who implement them. They represent, therefore, interventions whose implementation requires complex decision-making by health care personnel. Reducing the use of these practices is fundamental to improving psychiatric care, but it becomes necessary to emphasize staff training and the use of restraints as a "last resort." PURPOSE - To highlight the importance of exploring alternative measures to reduce the use of restraint and to analyze nurses' and patients' experiences and views regarding these practices METHODS - Literature search and review using biomedical databases RESULTS - The adoption of coercive practices within psychiatric wards results in negative physical and psychological consequences for both patients and health care staff, which also affect the therapeutic relationship. These consequently generate ethical debates that centralize discussion on the appropriateness of certain interventions that characterize psychiatric nursing care. CONCLUSION - The interventions suggested in this literature review ("The Six Fundamental Strategies" and the introduction of the figure of "Peer Support") seem to be effective in reducing the use of restraint. Staff training, organization within psychiatric wards with an appropriate therapeutic environment, and the support of the territorial service are crucial in allowing the adoption of coercive practices to be limited. It is crucial to emphasize, however, that different interventions must necessarily be contextualized in order to properly assess their applicability. KEY WORDS- Mental health restraint, adverse effects of restraint, mental health nurse, therapeutic relationship, operational strategies, ethical issues, impact of restraint, training, reduction of restraint.
INTRODUZIONE – La malattia mentale è da sempre stata etichettata come un fenomeno “fuori dal normale” che in passato ha generato emarginazione sociale e motivato l’adozione di pratiche coercitive. In Italia la Legge Basaglia del 1978 ha portato alla chiusura dei manicomi ma il ricorso a misure contenitive persiste ancora oggi generando insoluti dibattiti etici. Attualmente queste pratiche mirano a proteggere i pazienti e il personale da agiti violenti producendo però anche degli effetti negativi a livello fisico di chi le subisce e psicologico, anche da parte di chi le attua. Rappresentano, dunque, degli interventi la cui attuazione richiede un complesso processo decisionale da parte del personale sanitario. La riduzione del ricorso a queste pratiche è fondamentale per il miglioramento dell’assistenza psichiatrica ma diventa necessario porre l’accento sulla formazione del personale e sull’uso delle contenzioni come “ultima risorsa”. SCOPO – Evidenziare l’importanza di esplorare delle misure alternative per ridurre il ricorso alla contenzione e analizzare esperienze e punti di vista di infermieri e pazienti relativamente a queste pratiche METODI – Ricerca e revisione di letteratura tramite l’utilizzo di banche dati biomediche RISULTATI – L’adozione di pratiche coercitive all’interno dei reparti di psichiatria determina conseguenze negative dal punto di vista fisico e psicologico sia ai pazienti che al personale sanitario, con ripercussioni anche sulla relazione terapeutica. Queste generano, di conseguenza, dibattiti etici che accentrano la discussione sull’appropriatezza di alcuni interventi che caratterizzano l’assistenza infermieristica psichiatrica. CONCLUSIONE – Gli interventi suggeriti nella presente revisione di letteratura (“Le Sei Strategie Fondamentali” e l’introduzione della figura di “Supporto tra pari”) sembrano risultare efficaci per ridurre il ricorso alla contenzione. La formazione del personale, l’organizzazione all’interno dei reparti psichiatrici con un ambiente terapeutico adeguato e il supporto del servizio territoriale sono determinanti per permettere di limitare l’adozione delle pratiche coercitive. È fondamentale sottolineare, però, che i diversi interventi devono necessariamente essere contestualizzati al fine di valutarne correttamente l’applicabilità. PAROLE CHIAVE- Contenzione in salute mentale, effetti avversi della contenzione, infermiere di salute mentale, relazione terapeutica, strategie operative, questioni etiche, impatto della contenzione, formazione, riduzione della contenzione.
Ridurre il ricorso alla contenzione in psichiatria: riflessioni su ruoli e vissuti del personale infermieristico attraverso la revisione della letteratura.
MARCON, VALENTINA
2022/2023
Abstract
INTRODUCTION - Mental illness has always been labeled as an "out of the ordinary" phenomenon that in the past generated social marginalization and motivated the adoption of coercive practices. In Italy, the 1978 Basaglia Law led to the closure of asylums, but the use of restraint measures persists to this day, generating unsolved ethical debates. Currently, these practices aim to protect patients and staff from violent acts while also producing negative effects on the physical level of those who undergo them and on the psychological level, including by those who implement them. They represent, therefore, interventions whose implementation requires complex decision-making by health care personnel. Reducing the use of these practices is fundamental to improving psychiatric care, but it becomes necessary to emphasize staff training and the use of restraints as a "last resort." PURPOSE - To highlight the importance of exploring alternative measures to reduce the use of restraint and to analyze nurses' and patients' experiences and views regarding these practices METHODS - Literature search and review using biomedical databases RESULTS - The adoption of coercive practices within psychiatric wards results in negative physical and psychological consequences for both patients and health care staff, which also affect the therapeutic relationship. These consequently generate ethical debates that centralize discussion on the appropriateness of certain interventions that characterize psychiatric nursing care. CONCLUSION - The interventions suggested in this literature review ("The Six Fundamental Strategies" and the introduction of the figure of "Peer Support") seem to be effective in reducing the use of restraint. Staff training, organization within psychiatric wards with an appropriate therapeutic environment, and the support of the territorial service are crucial in allowing the adoption of coercive practices to be limited. It is crucial to emphasize, however, that different interventions must necessarily be contextualized in order to properly assess their applicability. KEY WORDS- Mental health restraint, adverse effects of restraint, mental health nurse, therapeutic relationship, operational strategies, ethical issues, impact of restraint, training, reduction of restraint.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/58264