INTRODUCTION TO THE PROBLEM: During the hospitalization of a person affected by illness or disability, from the very beginning, efforts are made to identify a potential caregiver who can take care of the person at home. However, once the caregiver is identified, often they find themselves in a condition, despite the education provided by healthcare professionals, of not knowing well how to manage the illness or disability once they are at home. In addition to the transmission of knowledge and technical skills to be developed in a therapeutic education program/project, psychological components such as the sense of self-efficacy in fulfilling the role and feeling ready to face the required tasks come into play and can influence the final outcomes of assistance on the care recipient and the well-being of the caregiver. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: The aim of this paper is to analyze to what extent the caregiver's sense of self-efficacy can influence the level of care provided, in order to improve home care offered to the individual and promote the well-being of the caregiver. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature review was carried out using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, combining keywords. The research questions identified, in light of the background literature, are: Are there self-efficacy assessment scales and what are the elements that characterize them? Do caregivers feel ready to face the tasks? In standard therapeutic education interventions, is self-efficacy taken into account and considered? How can self-efficacy in caregivers be promoted? RESULTS: From the research conducted, 35 articles that answered the research questions were selected. To test the caregiver's sense of self-efficacy, various scales exist, and it has been demonstrated that better perceived preparedness for caregiving is associated with higher self-efficacy; therefore, caregivers with an adequate level of self-efficacy showed better preparedness for caregiving. The elements analyzed to test self-efficacy relate to caregiving aspects - clinical - relationships with the healthcare system, the perceived level of competence, emotion and stress management, problem solving, and decision making. Many caregivers have stated that it is fundamental to talk to a nurse to discuss their needs and put caregiving abilities into practice. It is recommended to attend support groups in order to have positive effects on health and also online support groups, which have reported alleviating caregiver stress; to increase self-efficacy, studies have also considered psychoeducational interventions, the presence of career coaching, as well as educational protocols such as the "Savvy Caregiver Program" or "Learning Skills Together." CONCLUSIONS: This review has revealed that caregiver self-efficacy is a factor that greatly influences the home care journey, disease management, and potential problems, as well as the caregiver-patient relationship. Self-efficacy should always be taken into account, and investigating the self-efficacy of the person who will take on the role of caregiver will greatly facilitate the home care journey, reduce complications, and promote the quality of life of both the patient and the caregiver, in order to reduce the possibility of the onset of symptoms of anxiety, depression, and discomfort. It is important to emphasize that self-efficacy is a modifiable attribute that can be learned and improved and, as such, is a targeted outcome for caregiver interventions. KEYWORDS: Caregiver; Self-efficacy; Preparedness; Rating scale; Scale; Therapeutic education.
INTRODUZIONE AL PROBLEMA: Durante la degenza di una persona affetta da malattia o disabilità, sin da subito si cerca di identificare un possibile caregiver che possa prendersi cura della persona lungo il suo percorso a domicilio. Tuttavia, una volta individuato il caregiver, spesso quest’ultimo si trova nella condizione, nonostante l’educazione effettuata da parte dei sanitari di non sapere bene come gestire la malattia o la disabilità una volta giunti a casa. Oltre alla trasmissione di conoscenze e di abilità tecniche da sviluppare in un programma/progetto di educazione terapeutica entrano in gioco delle componenti psicologiche quale il senso di autoefficacia nel ricoprire il ruolo e sentirsi pronti per affrontare i compiti richiesti e che possono condizionare gli outcome finali di risultato sull’assistito e sul benessere del caregiver. SCOPO DELLO STUDIO: L’obiettivo di questo elaborato è analizzare quanto il senso di autoefficacia del caregiver possa condizionare il livello di assistenza offerto, affinché venga migliorata la cura domiciliare offerta alla persona e si promuova il benessere del caregiver stesso. MATERIALI E METODI: È stata eseguita una revisione della letteratura utilizzando la banca dati di PubMed e Google Scholar, combinando le parole chiave tra loro. I quesiti di ricerca identificati, alla luce della letteratura di background sono: Esistono scale di valutazione dell’autoefficacia e quali sono gli elementi che la caratterizzano? I caregiver si sentono pronti ad affrontare i compiti? Negli interventi standard di educazione terapeutica si tiene conto e si considera l’autoefficacia? Come si può promuovere l’autoefficacia nei caregiver? RISULTATI: Dalla ricerca effettuata sono stati selezionati 35 articoli che rispondevano ai quesiti di ricerca. Per testare il senso di autoefficacia dei caregiver esistono varie scale, è stato dimostrato che una migliore preparazione dell’assistenza percepita dai caregiver è associata ad una maggiore autoefficacia; dunque, caregiver con un livello adeguato di autoefficacia dimostravano una migliore preparazione per l’assistenza. Gli elementi analizzati per testare il senso di autoefficacia riguardano aspetti assistenziali - clinici - rapporti con il sistema sanitario, il livello di competenza percepito, la gestione emozioni e stress, il problem solving e decision making. Molti caregiver hanno affermato che è fondamentale parlare con un infermiere per discutere i propri bisogni e mettere in pratica la capacità di assistenza. È indicato frequentare gruppi di supporto in modo da avere effetti positivi sulla salute e gruppi di sostegno anche online che hanno riportato di alleviare lo stress del caregiver; per aumentare il senso di autoefficacia inoltre gli studi hanno considerato gli interventi psicoeducativi, la presenza di career coaching, nonchè protocolli educativi quale il “Savvy Caregiver Program” o il “Learning Skills Together”. CONCLUSIONI: Questa revisione ha rivelato che l’autoefficacia del caregiver è un fattore che ha tanta influenza sul percorso a casa, sulla gestione della malattia e di eventuali problemi e anche sul rapporto caregiver-paziente. L’autoefficacia dovrebbe essere sempre tenuta in conto ed indagare l’autoefficacia della persona che assumerà il ruolo di caregiver agevolerà tanto il percorso a domicilio, ridurrà le complicanze e favorirà la qualità di vita sia del paziente che del caregiver, in modo da ridurre la possibilità dell’insorgenza di sintomi di ansia, depressione e disagio. È importante sottolineare che l'autoefficacia è un attributo modificabile che può essere appreso e migliorato e, come tale, un risultato mirato per gli interventi dei caregiver. PAROLE CHIAVE: Caregiver; Self-efficacy; Preparedness; Rating scale; Scale; Therapeutic education.
Relazione tra il senso di autoefficacia del caregiver e le implicazioni per l'assistito e per il caregiver. Revisione della letteratura
OCCHIPINTI, BEATRICE
2022/2023
Abstract
INTRODUCTION TO THE PROBLEM: During the hospitalization of a person affected by illness or disability, from the very beginning, efforts are made to identify a potential caregiver who can take care of the person at home. However, once the caregiver is identified, often they find themselves in a condition, despite the education provided by healthcare professionals, of not knowing well how to manage the illness or disability once they are at home. In addition to the transmission of knowledge and technical skills to be developed in a therapeutic education program/project, psychological components such as the sense of self-efficacy in fulfilling the role and feeling ready to face the required tasks come into play and can influence the final outcomes of assistance on the care recipient and the well-being of the caregiver. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: The aim of this paper is to analyze to what extent the caregiver's sense of self-efficacy can influence the level of care provided, in order to improve home care offered to the individual and promote the well-being of the caregiver. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature review was carried out using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, combining keywords. The research questions identified, in light of the background literature, are: Are there self-efficacy assessment scales and what are the elements that characterize them? Do caregivers feel ready to face the tasks? In standard therapeutic education interventions, is self-efficacy taken into account and considered? How can self-efficacy in caregivers be promoted? RESULTS: From the research conducted, 35 articles that answered the research questions were selected. To test the caregiver's sense of self-efficacy, various scales exist, and it has been demonstrated that better perceived preparedness for caregiving is associated with higher self-efficacy; therefore, caregivers with an adequate level of self-efficacy showed better preparedness for caregiving. The elements analyzed to test self-efficacy relate to caregiving aspects - clinical - relationships with the healthcare system, the perceived level of competence, emotion and stress management, problem solving, and decision making. Many caregivers have stated that it is fundamental to talk to a nurse to discuss their needs and put caregiving abilities into practice. It is recommended to attend support groups in order to have positive effects on health and also online support groups, which have reported alleviating caregiver stress; to increase self-efficacy, studies have also considered psychoeducational interventions, the presence of career coaching, as well as educational protocols such as the "Savvy Caregiver Program" or "Learning Skills Together." CONCLUSIONS: This review has revealed that caregiver self-efficacy is a factor that greatly influences the home care journey, disease management, and potential problems, as well as the caregiver-patient relationship. Self-efficacy should always be taken into account, and investigating the self-efficacy of the person who will take on the role of caregiver will greatly facilitate the home care journey, reduce complications, and promote the quality of life of both the patient and the caregiver, in order to reduce the possibility of the onset of symptoms of anxiety, depression, and discomfort. It is important to emphasize that self-efficacy is a modifiable attribute that can be learned and improved and, as such, is a targeted outcome for caregiver interventions. KEYWORDS: Caregiver; Self-efficacy; Preparedness; Rating scale; Scale; Therapeutic education.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/58273