INTRODUCTION: Eating disorders are disorders characterised by altered eating habits and an excessive preoccupation with weight and body shape. The main eating disorders are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and uncontrolled eating disorder. Epidemiological data show that in adolescents and young adults in Western countries, eating disorders are one of the most common health problems, with one of the highest mortality rates among psychiatric illnesses, although (Resmark et. al, 2019; Smink et. al, 2012) the incidence rates found tend to give underestimated values due to the presence of many untreated and unrecognised cases early on. University students represent a category at risk of developing an eating disorder due to the pressure they are under: within the university student population in the United States, there is a prevalence of individuals with eating disorder symptoms ranging from 9% to 13% among females and 3% to 4% among male university students (Eisenberg et al., 2011). Numerous studies show how the prevalence of these disorders increases among medical and nursing students, and how these disorders are also prevalent among doctors and nurses who experience stressful situations, changes in lifestyle and sleep-wake rhythm in their working environment. OBJECTIVE: This literature review aims to analyse the prevalence of eating disorders among undergraduate medical and nursing students. It also focuses on the relationship between academic performance and eating disorder. METHODS: A literature review was compiled by consulting the Scopus, Pubmed and Google Scholar databases. RESULTS: 44 articles were selected that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria.The 44 articles analysed came from Pubmed, after an initial skimming of other articles also found on Scopus and Google scholar. The following were finally selected: 4 literature reviews, 4 meta-analyses, 15 cross-sectional studies, 8 randomised clinical trials 1 comparative, 1 longitudinal, 2 quantitative, 6 descriptive observational, 1 pilot study, 1 qualitative study, 1 survey study. CONCLUSIONS: Between 10% and 20% of women, and between 4% and 10% of men attending university suffer from an eating disorder. The prevalence increases among medical and nursing students: in a study of 517 nursing students in Italy, 8.3 % had an eating disorder in the past, while 2.51 % currently suffer from it. Malnutrition is correlated with cognitive deficits leading to concentration difficulties, sleep disturbances, irritability, and hindering academic success.Investigating the relationship between BMI and academic performance, it was found that overweight and obese female students have lower GPAs. Therefore, considering the severity and the repercussions that these disorders have on all areas of subjects' lives, it is necessary to implement prevention and screening programmes at university level. KEY-WORDS: eating disorder, university students, medical and nursing students, academic performance, stress
INTRODUZIONE: I disturbi dell'alimentazione sono patologie caratterizzate da una alterazione delle abitudini alimentari e da un’eccessiva preoccupazione per il peso e le forme del corpo. I principali disturbi alimentari sono l’anoressia nervosa, la bulimia nervosa e il disturbo da alimentazione incontrollata. I dati epidemiologici evidenziano che negli adolescenti e nei giovani adulti dei Paesi occidentali i disturbi alimentari sono uno dei problemi di salute più comune, con uno dei più alti tassi di mortalità fra le malattie psichiatriche, anche se (Resmark et. al, 2019; Smink et. al, 2012) i tassi di incidenza riscontrati tendono a dare valori sottostimati a causa della presenza di molti casi non trattati e non riconosciuti precocemente. Gli studenti universitari rappresentano una categoria a rischio di sviluppare un disturbo alimentare a causa della pressione a cui sono sottoposti: all’interno della popolazione studentesca universitaria degli Stati Uniti, c’è una prevalenza di individui con sintomi di disturbi alimentari che va dal 9% al 13% tra le femmine e dal 3% al 4% tra gli studenti universitari maschi (Eisenberg et al., 2011). Numerosi studi dimostrano come la prevalenza di questi disturbi aumenti tra gli studenti di medicina e infermieristica, e come tali disturbi siano diffusi anche tra i medici e gli infermieri che nell’ambiente lavorativo vivono situazioni di stress, cambiamenti nello stile di vita e nel ritmo sonno veglia. OBIETTIVO: questa revisione di letteratura si propone di analizzare la prevalenza dei disturbi alimentari tra gli studenti universitari di medicina e infermieristica. Inoltre, si focalizza anche sulla relazione tra rendimento accademico e disturbo alimentare. METODI: È stata redatta una revisione della letteratura mediante consultazione dei database Scopus, Pubmed e Google Scholar. RISULTATI: Sono stati selezionati 44 articoli che rispondevano ai criteri di inclusione ed esclusione. I 44 articoli analizzati provengono da Pubmed, dopo un’iniziale scrematura di altri articoli reperiti anche su Scopus e Google scholar. Infine quindi sono stati selezionati: 4 revisioni di letteratura, 4 metanalisi, 15 studi trasversali, 8 studi clinici randomizzati, 1 comparativo, 1 longitudinale, 2 quantitativi, 6 osservazionali descrittivi, 1 studio pilota, 1 studio qualitativo, 1 studio indagine. CONCLUSIONI: Una percentuale compresa tra il 10% e il 20% delle donne, e tra il 4% e il 10% degli uomini che frequentano l’università soffre di un disturbo alimentare. La prevalenza aumenta tra gli studenti di medicina e infermieristica: in Italia, da uno studio condotto su 517 studenti di infermieristica, l’8,3 % ha avuto in passato un disturbo dell’alimentazione, mentre il 2,51% ne soffre attualmente. La malnutrizione è correlata a deficit cognitivi che portano a difficoltà di concentrazione, disturbi del sonno, irritabilità, ostacolando il successo accademico. Indagando la relazione tra BMI e rendimento accademico, è emerso che le studentesse sovrappeso e quelle obese hanno una media inferiore. Considerata perciò la gravità e le ripercussioni che questi disturbi hanno su tutte le aree di vita dei soggetti, è necessario attuare programmi di prevenzione e di screening a livello universitario. KEY-WORDS: eating disorder, university students, medical and nursing students, academic performance, stress
I disturbi alimentari tra gli studenti di medicina e infermieristica. Una revisione della letteratura.
SCOTTON, ALICE
2022/2023
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Eating disorders are disorders characterised by altered eating habits and an excessive preoccupation with weight and body shape. The main eating disorders are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and uncontrolled eating disorder. Epidemiological data show that in adolescents and young adults in Western countries, eating disorders are one of the most common health problems, with one of the highest mortality rates among psychiatric illnesses, although (Resmark et. al, 2019; Smink et. al, 2012) the incidence rates found tend to give underestimated values due to the presence of many untreated and unrecognised cases early on. University students represent a category at risk of developing an eating disorder due to the pressure they are under: within the university student population in the United States, there is a prevalence of individuals with eating disorder symptoms ranging from 9% to 13% among females and 3% to 4% among male university students (Eisenberg et al., 2011). Numerous studies show how the prevalence of these disorders increases among medical and nursing students, and how these disorders are also prevalent among doctors and nurses who experience stressful situations, changes in lifestyle and sleep-wake rhythm in their working environment. OBJECTIVE: This literature review aims to analyse the prevalence of eating disorders among undergraduate medical and nursing students. It also focuses on the relationship between academic performance and eating disorder. METHODS: A literature review was compiled by consulting the Scopus, Pubmed and Google Scholar databases. RESULTS: 44 articles were selected that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria.The 44 articles analysed came from Pubmed, after an initial skimming of other articles also found on Scopus and Google scholar. The following were finally selected: 4 literature reviews, 4 meta-analyses, 15 cross-sectional studies, 8 randomised clinical trials 1 comparative, 1 longitudinal, 2 quantitative, 6 descriptive observational, 1 pilot study, 1 qualitative study, 1 survey study. CONCLUSIONS: Between 10% and 20% of women, and between 4% and 10% of men attending university suffer from an eating disorder. The prevalence increases among medical and nursing students: in a study of 517 nursing students in Italy, 8.3 % had an eating disorder in the past, while 2.51 % currently suffer from it. Malnutrition is correlated with cognitive deficits leading to concentration difficulties, sleep disturbances, irritability, and hindering academic success.Investigating the relationship between BMI and academic performance, it was found that overweight and obese female students have lower GPAs. Therefore, considering the severity and the repercussions that these disorders have on all areas of subjects' lives, it is necessary to implement prevention and screening programmes at university level. KEY-WORDS: eating disorder, university students, medical and nursing students, academic performance, stressFile | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/58307