Introduction: There is increasingly clear evidence in the literature that children with Primary Language Disorder may present deficits in areas that go beyond language and involve Executive Functions. Several scholars have provided evidence on the bidirectional relationship between linguistic abilities and Executive Functions, arguing that these two domains interact and influence each other. When establishing a speech therapy treatment plan with children with DPL, therapists should therefore consider both the specific language deficits and the individual child's executive functioning. In the clinic, however, it is increasingly found that treatments focus more on improving linguistic difficulties without considering the cognitive deficits associated with them. Purpose: This thesis work aims to verify the effectiveness of an integrated speech therapy treatment aimed at morpho-syntactic comprehension in children with DPL, which promotes the functional integration of linguistic skills and executive functions. Participants: 4 children with DPL aged between 5.7 and 8.1 years were included in this thesis project. The inclusion criteria used were: the presence of deficits in morpho-syntactic comprehension and a normal cognitive level. Materials and methods: all subjects underwent a pre-treatment speech therapy evaluation in which linguistic skills were assessed, including morpho-syntactic comprehension, and executive functions. Based on the results obtained, an integrated speech therapy treatment was planned aimed at strengthening the comprehension of the deficient phrasal structures. This treatment is configured as a representative-symbolic activity in which the speech therapist tells a story that the child must stage in space, through the use of miniature characters and objects. The treatment was carried out in 10 sessions lasting 30/40 minutes distributed over a period of 10 weeks. At the end of the course, approximately 3 months later, the same tests as the initial evaluation were re-administered, in order to compare the results of the pre- and post-treatment and to verify whether this approach had brought about improvements in the linguistic domain and/or or in that of executive functions. Results: the qualitative analysis of the results showed an overall improvement of all participants in morpho-syntactic comprehension . All subjects also improved in the selective visual search test and 3 out of 4 in auditory attention and phonological working memory. However, the improvement was only partial in visuospatial working memory and other linguistic skills. Parametric statistical analyzes with paired samples tests highlighted a statistically significant improvement (p < .05) in the comparison of the results between pre- and post-treatment in the morpho-syntactic comprehension test, as well as in cognitive flexibility and level lexical-semantic in production. Conclusions: the results highlight that an integrated speech therapy treatment that takes into consideration both linguistic skills and executive functions could be effective in children with DPL, in particular for morpho-syntactic comprehension. Synergistic and transversal work on these functions can contribute to improvements in both domains. In the clinical field, the results obtained suggest that when setting up a path of strengthening with children with DPL, therapists should consider both linguistic skills and Executive Functions, with a view to the patient's global rehabilitation.
Introduzione: in letteratura esistono prove sempre più evidenti che i bambini con Disturbo Primario del Linguaggio possono presentare deficit in aree che vanno oltre il linguaggio e che coinvolgono le Funzioni Esecutive. Diversi studiosi hanno fornito prove sul rapporto bidirezionale tra le capacità linguistiche e le Funzioni Esecutive, sostenendo che questi due domini interagiscono e si influenzano reciprocamente. Nell’impostare un piano di trattamento logopedico con i bambini con DPL, i terapisti dovrebbero pertanto considerare sia i deficit linguistici specifici che il funzionamento esecutivo del singolo bambino. Nella clinica, invece, si riscontra sempre più spesso che i trattamenti si focalizzano maggiormente sul miglioramento delle difficoltà linguistiche senza considerare i deficit cognitivi ad esse associati. Obiettivo: il presente lavoro di tesi si propone di verificare l’efficacia di un trattamento logopedico integrato mirato alla comprensione morfo-sintattica in bambini con DPL, che promuova l’integrazione funzionale delle competenze linguistiche e delle Funzioni Esecutive. Partecipanti: nel presente progetto di tesi sono stati inclusi 4 bambini con DPL di età compresa tra i 5.7 e gli 8.1 anni. I criteri di inclusione utilizzati sono stati: la presenza di deficit nella comprensione morfo-sintattica e un livello cognitivo nella norma. Materiali e metodi: tutti i soggetti sono stati sottoposti ad una valutazione logopedica pre-trattamento in cui si sono valutate le competenze linguistiche, tra cui la comprensione morfo-sintattica, e le Funzioni Esecutive. Sulla base dei risultati ottenuti, è stato pianificato un trattamento logopedico integrato mirato al potenziamento della comprensione delle strutture frasali deficitarie. Tale trattamento si configura come un’attività rappresentativo-simbolica in cui il logopedista racconta una storia che il bambino deve mettere in scena nello spazio, attraverso l'uso di personaggi ed oggetti in miniatura. Il trattamento è stato svolto in 10 sedute della durata di 30/40 minuti distribuite in un arco di tempo di 10 settimane. Al termine del percorso, a distanza di circa 3 mesi, sono stati risomministrati gli stessi test della valutazione iniziale, al fine di confrontare i risultati del pre- e post- trattamento e di verificare se tale approccio avesse portato dei miglioramenti nel dominio linguistico e/o in quello delle funzioni esecutive. Risultati: dall’analisi qualitativa dei risultati è emerso un miglioramento complessivo di tutti i partecipanti nella comprensione morfo-sintattica. Tutti i soggetti sono inoltre migliorati nella prova di ricerca visiva selettiva e 3 su 4 nell’attenzione uditiva e nella memoria di lavoro fonologica. Il miglioramento è stato invece solo parziale nella memoria di lavoro visuo-spaziale e nelle altre competenze linguistiche. Le analisi statistiche parametriche con Test per campioni accoppiati hanno messo in evidenza un miglioramento statisticamente significativo (p <.05) nel confronto dei risultati tra pre- e post- trattamento alla prova di comprensione morfo-sintattica, oltre che nella flessibilità cognitiva e nel livello lessicale-semantico in produzione. Conclusioni: i risultati mettono in evidenza che un trattamento logopedico integrato che prende in considerazione sia le competenze linguistiche che le Funzioni Esecutive, potrebbe essere efficace nei bambini con DPL, in particolare per la comprensione morfo-sintattica. Un lavoro sinergico e trasversale su tali funzioni può contribuire al miglioramento in entrambi i domini. In ambito clinico, i risultati ottenuti suggeriscono che nell’impostare un percorso di potenziamento con i bambini con DPL, i terapisti dovrebbero considerare sia le capacità linguistiche che le Funzioni Esecutive, in un’ottica di riabilitazione globale del paziente.
L'influenza reciproca tra il linguaggio e le funzioni esecutive: proposta di un trattamento integrato per la comprensione morfo-sintattica in bambini con Disturbo Primario del Linguaggio
VENDRAMINI, ELEONORA
2022/2023
Abstract
Introduction: There is increasingly clear evidence in the literature that children with Primary Language Disorder may present deficits in areas that go beyond language and involve Executive Functions. Several scholars have provided evidence on the bidirectional relationship between linguistic abilities and Executive Functions, arguing that these two domains interact and influence each other. When establishing a speech therapy treatment plan with children with DPL, therapists should therefore consider both the specific language deficits and the individual child's executive functioning. In the clinic, however, it is increasingly found that treatments focus more on improving linguistic difficulties without considering the cognitive deficits associated with them. Purpose: This thesis work aims to verify the effectiveness of an integrated speech therapy treatment aimed at morpho-syntactic comprehension in children with DPL, which promotes the functional integration of linguistic skills and executive functions. Participants: 4 children with DPL aged between 5.7 and 8.1 years were included in this thesis project. The inclusion criteria used were: the presence of deficits in morpho-syntactic comprehension and a normal cognitive level. Materials and methods: all subjects underwent a pre-treatment speech therapy evaluation in which linguistic skills were assessed, including morpho-syntactic comprehension, and executive functions. Based on the results obtained, an integrated speech therapy treatment was planned aimed at strengthening the comprehension of the deficient phrasal structures. This treatment is configured as a representative-symbolic activity in which the speech therapist tells a story that the child must stage in space, through the use of miniature characters and objects. The treatment was carried out in 10 sessions lasting 30/40 minutes distributed over a period of 10 weeks. At the end of the course, approximately 3 months later, the same tests as the initial evaluation were re-administered, in order to compare the results of the pre- and post-treatment and to verify whether this approach had brought about improvements in the linguistic domain and/or or in that of executive functions. Results: the qualitative analysis of the results showed an overall improvement of all participants in morpho-syntactic comprehension . All subjects also improved in the selective visual search test and 3 out of 4 in auditory attention and phonological working memory. However, the improvement was only partial in visuospatial working memory and other linguistic skills. Parametric statistical analyzes with paired samples tests highlighted a statistically significant improvement (p < .05) in the comparison of the results between pre- and post-treatment in the morpho-syntactic comprehension test, as well as in cognitive flexibility and level lexical-semantic in production. Conclusions: the results highlight that an integrated speech therapy treatment that takes into consideration both linguistic skills and executive functions could be effective in children with DPL, in particular for morpho-syntactic comprehension. Synergistic and transversal work on these functions can contribute to improvements in both domains. In the clinical field, the results obtained suggest that when setting up a path of strengthening with children with DPL, therapists should consider both linguistic skills and Executive Functions, with a view to the patient's global rehabilitation.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/58644