To an ever greater extent and in synergy with every other scientific community, the world of legal practitioners is today called to participate in the global implementation of complex humanitarian evolutionary processes. Since 2015, the will expressed by the governments of the 193 UN member countries in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/70/1) is the progressive transition to a sustainable and resilient world, to be implemented through the focus of 17 Goals and an action program for people, the planet and prosperity articulated in 169 targets. Given the global threats that threaten it and its logical primacy over most of the other objectives, the Agenda declares Goal 3 "Health and well-being" and its 9 targets as priorities. It is recognized that the promotion of health, not only physical but also psychological, as well as a high level of well-being for all, requires the States to guarantee universal health coverage and access to quality health care. Embracing this awareness and ideally adhering to the efforts that the global community is called to support until 2030, the paper firstly aims to trace the evolution of health policies and health protection instruments in the Italian constitutional context, which, like other national contexts, represents a small-scale implementation of the goals of the Agenda. It will then examine the health care system established by Legge 833/1978, perfected by d.lgs. 502/1992 and rationalized with d.lgs. 299/1999: from the principles, to the distribution of institutional competences between the State and the Regions, to the development trends catalyzed by the 2020’s pandemic experience which has determined the ultimate emergence of critical issues of a system that can not be understood – for its natural contamination with the socio-economic-political data (as well as epidemiological-scientific) – except as a real "permanent site". The paper also intends to devote an autonomous chapter to the examination of the specificities of national and regional systems of mental health care. The separate treatment responds to a precise methodological choice arising, on the one hand, from the recognition of the specificities of the mental health object with respect to health (which of course includes it), on the other hand, from the conviction that even today this subject requires health policies of a special nature provided that they are characterized by greater integration with other interventions in the field of health and in general with policies that can affect health. From the juxtaposition between the systems of governance and implementation of the right to health, the paper would therefore demonstrate the distinct but necessarily dialectical nature of the various protection systems highlighting the critical issues resulting from the lack of integration, which is a clearly identified instrument of the 2030 Agenda for the implementation of the Goals. The study focuses on the direct use of legal sources, binding and/or soft, in order to enhance the resources of investigation arising from the direct observation of the real object of study, combining the scholarly gaze with the one of the citizen-user.
In misura sempre maggiore e in sinergia con ogni altra comunità scientifica, il mondo degli operatori giuridici è oggi chiamato a partecipare alla messa in opera su scala globale di processi evolutivi umanitari complessi. Dal 2015 la volontà espressa dai governi dei 193 Paesi membri dell’ONU nell'Agenda 2030 per lo Sviluppo Sostenibile (A/RES/70/1) è il passaggio progressivo ad un mondo sostenibile e resiliente, da attuarsi attraverso la messa a fuoco di 17 Obiettivi e un programma d’azione per le persone, il pianeta e la prosperità articolato in 169 targets. Stanti le minacce globali che lo insidiano e la preminenza logica sulla gran parte degli altri obiettivi, l’Agenda dichiara prioritari l’Obiettivo 3 “Salute e benessere” e i suoi 9 traguardi. Si riconosce che la promozione della salute, non solo fisica ma anche psichica, nonché di un elevato grado di benessere per tutti, impone agli Stati la garanzia di una copertura sanitaria universale e l’accesso ad un’assistenza sanitaria di qualità. Sposando questa consapevolezza e aderendo idealmente agli sforzi che la collettività globale è chiamata a sostenere fino al 2030, l’elaborato si propone anzitutto di ripercorrere l’evoluzione delle politiche sanitarie e degli strumenti di tutela della salute nel contesto costituzionale italiano, che come gli altri contesti nazionali rappresenta contesto attuativo in scala ridotta degli obiettivi dell’Agenda. Si esamina quindi il sistema sanitario istituito con Legge 833/1978, perfezionato dal d.lgs. 502/1992 e razionalizzato con d.lgs. 299/1999: dalle linee di principio, alla distribuzione delle competenze istituzionali tra Stato e Regioni, alle linee tendenziali di sviluppo catalizzate dall’esperienza pandemica del 2020 la quale ha determinato la definitiva emersione delle criticità di un sistema che non può non intendersi - per la naturale contaminazione con il dato socio-economico-politico (nonché epidemiologico-scientifico) - vero “cantiere permanente”. L’elaborato intende poi dedicare un capitolo autonomo all’esame delle specificità dei sistemi, nazionale e regionali, di tutela della salute mentale. La trattazione separata risponde a una precisa scelta metodologica scaturente, da un lato, dalla presa d’atto delle specificità del bene salute mentale rispetto alla salute (che pure varrebbe a ricomprenderlo), dall’altro, dalla convinzione che anche oggi come in passato tale oggetto richieda politiche sanitarie di carattere speciale purché connotate da una maggiore integrazione con gli altri interventi in materia di salute e in generale con le politiche capaci di incidere anche indirettamente sulla salute. Dalla giustapposizione tra i sistemi di governance e di attuazione del diritto alla salute, l’elaborato vorrebbe dunque dimostrare la natura distinta ma necessariamente dialettica dei vari sistemi di tutela evidenziando le criticità discendenti dalla mancata integrazione, la quale rappresenta strumento dichiaratamente individuato dall’Agenda 2030 per l’attuazione degli Obiettivi. Nello studio condotto si privilegia il ricorso diretto a fonti giuridiche, vincolanti e/o soft, nell’intento di potenziare le risorse d’indagine scaturenti dall’osservazione diretta dell’oggetto reale di studio, coniugando lo sguardo dello studioso con quello del cittadino-utente.
Sistemi di tutela della salute e sistemi di tutela della salute mentale nell’ordinamento costituzionale italiano: “cantieri permanenti” a confronto. Criticità e prospettive di sviluppo.
MARINELLO, SARA
2022/2023
Abstract
To an ever greater extent and in synergy with every other scientific community, the world of legal practitioners is today called to participate in the global implementation of complex humanitarian evolutionary processes. Since 2015, the will expressed by the governments of the 193 UN member countries in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/70/1) is the progressive transition to a sustainable and resilient world, to be implemented through the focus of 17 Goals and an action program for people, the planet and prosperity articulated in 169 targets. Given the global threats that threaten it and its logical primacy over most of the other objectives, the Agenda declares Goal 3 "Health and well-being" and its 9 targets as priorities. It is recognized that the promotion of health, not only physical but also psychological, as well as a high level of well-being for all, requires the States to guarantee universal health coverage and access to quality health care. Embracing this awareness and ideally adhering to the efforts that the global community is called to support until 2030, the paper firstly aims to trace the evolution of health policies and health protection instruments in the Italian constitutional context, which, like other national contexts, represents a small-scale implementation of the goals of the Agenda. It will then examine the health care system established by Legge 833/1978, perfected by d.lgs. 502/1992 and rationalized with d.lgs. 299/1999: from the principles, to the distribution of institutional competences between the State and the Regions, to the development trends catalyzed by the 2020’s pandemic experience which has determined the ultimate emergence of critical issues of a system that can not be understood – for its natural contamination with the socio-economic-political data (as well as epidemiological-scientific) – except as a real "permanent site". The paper also intends to devote an autonomous chapter to the examination of the specificities of national and regional systems of mental health care. The separate treatment responds to a precise methodological choice arising, on the one hand, from the recognition of the specificities of the mental health object with respect to health (which of course includes it), on the other hand, from the conviction that even today this subject requires health policies of a special nature provided that they are characterized by greater integration with other interventions in the field of health and in general with policies that can affect health. From the juxtaposition between the systems of governance and implementation of the right to health, the paper would therefore demonstrate the distinct but necessarily dialectical nature of the various protection systems highlighting the critical issues resulting from the lack of integration, which is a clearly identified instrument of the 2030 Agenda for the implementation of the Goals. The study focuses on the direct use of legal sources, binding and/or soft, in order to enhance the resources of investigation arising from the direct observation of the real object of study, combining the scholarly gaze with the one of the citizen-user.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/58805