Fusarium graminearum and Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici are among the main pathogens of wheat and cause serious quantitative and qualitative losses. The fungus F. graminearum is the causative agent of Fusariosis of the ear (or Fusarium Head Blight), a disease that causes partial or total desiccation of the ear and subsequent contamination of the grain with the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON), harmful to human and animal health. The biotrophic fungus obligated B. graminis f.sp. tritici is the causative agent of the powdery mildew or oidium of wheat, a disease that affects all the epigee parts of the plant compromising its photosynthetic capacity and causing high production losses. In recent years, in line with the new objectives of the European Union in terms of environmental protection and the health of food that have led to a significant reduction of chemical pesticides available on the market, there is a need to develop new alternative strategies for controlling these plant diseases. In this paper the effectiveness of some synthetic peptides, analogues of some antimicrobial peptides secreted by antagonist species of Trichoderma spp., have been evaluated against F. graminearum and B. graminis f.sp. tritici. In vitro efficacy tests were initially carried out to assess the inhibitory activity of peptides used at low concentrations against two F. graminearum strains. Subsequently, several in vivo tests were carried out on wheat plants grown in a controlled environment, treating the ears with the most promising peptides in vitro tests and artificially inoculating them with pathogen spores. The effectiveness of the peptides was evaluated by measuring the development of Fusariosis symptoms after 21 days from inoculum and quantifying the concentration of DON by ELISA test in ears infected with the pathogenic fungus. Two of the most effective peptides against Fusariosis of the ear, called PEP4-RINK and PEP5, have been used in further trials on wheat plants to evaluate its antifungal activity against B. graminis f.sp. tritici. Symptoms of powdery mildew were evaluated after 21 days on the flag leaf and the second leaf using a Disease Index, and the derived McKinney Index was used as an indicator of the effectiveness of peptides in inhibiting fungal development. With regard to powdery mildew, only the peptide PEP5 reconfirms its antifungal potential with an effectiveness comparable to that of the biofungicide currently on the market Polyversum®. The PEP5 peptide, because of its antifungal activity found both against F. graminearum and B. graminis f.sp. tritici, is an antimicrobial molecule potentially usable in the phytosanitary defense of wheat.
Fusarium graminearum e Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici sono fra i principali patogeni del frumento e causano gravi perdite quantitative e qualitative. Il fungo F. graminearum è l’agente eziologico della Fusariosi della spiga, una malattia che provoca disseccamento parziale o totale della spiga e conseguente contaminazione della granella con la micotossina deossinivalenolo (DON), dannosa per la salute umana ed animale. Il fungo biotrofo obbligato B. graminis f.sp. tritici è l’agente causale del mal bianco o oidio del frumento, una malattia che colpisce tutte le parti epigee della pianta compromettendone la capacità fotosintetica e provocando elevate perdite di produzione. Negli ultimi anni, in linea con i nuovi obiettivi dell’Unione Europea in fatto di tutela ambientale e di salubrità degli alimenti che hanno comportato una significativa riduzione di pesticidi chimici disponibili sul mercato, vi è l’esigenza di sviluppare nuove strategie alternative per il controllo di queste fitopatologie. Nel presente lavoro è stata valutata l’efficacia di alcuni peptidi di sintesi, analoghi di alcuni peptidi ad azione antimicrobica secreti da specie antagoniste di Trichoderma spp., nei confronti di F. graminearum e B. graminis f.sp. tritici. Inizialmente si sono svolte delle prove di efficacia in vitro per valutare l’attività inibitoria dei peptidi, utilizzati a basse concentrazioni, nei confronti di due ceppi di F. graminearum. Successivamente, sono state effettuate diverse prove in vivo su piante di frumento coltivate in ambiente controllato, trattando le spighe con i peptidi risultati più promettenti nelle prove in vitro e inoculandole artificialmente con le spore del patogeno. L’efficacia dei peptidi è stata valutata misurando lo sviluppo dei sintomi di Fusariosi dopo 21 giorni dall’inoculo e quantificando la concentrazione di DON mediante test ELISA nelle spighe infettate con il fungo patogeno. Due dei peptidi più efficaci contro la Fusariosi della spiga, chiamati PEP4-RINK e PEP5, sono stati utilizzati in ulteriori prove su piante di frumento per valutarne l’attività antifungina nei confronti di B. graminis f.sp. tritici. I sintomi di oidio sono stati valutati dopo 21 giorni sulla foglia bandiera e la seconda foglia utilizzando un Disease Index, e l’Indice di McKinney derivato è stato utilizzato come indicatore dell’efficacia dei peptidi nell’inibire lo sviluppo del fungo. Nei confronti dell’oidio solo il peptide PEP5 riconferma il suo potenziale antifungino, con un’efficacia comparabile a quella del biofungicida attualmente in commercio Polyversum®. Il peptide PEP5, per via della sua attività antifungina sia nei confronti di F. graminearum che di B. graminis f.sp. tritici, risulta una molecola antimicrobica potenzialmente impiegabile nella difesa fitosanitaria del frumento.
Valutazione dell’efficacia di peptidi di sintesi, analoghi di peptaibolici prodotti da Trichoderma spp., nei confronti di Fusariosi della spiga e mal bianco del frumento
ROMAGNOLO, ELENA
2022/2023
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum and Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici are among the main pathogens of wheat and cause serious quantitative and qualitative losses. The fungus F. graminearum is the causative agent of Fusariosis of the ear (or Fusarium Head Blight), a disease that causes partial or total desiccation of the ear and subsequent contamination of the grain with the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON), harmful to human and animal health. The biotrophic fungus obligated B. graminis f.sp. tritici is the causative agent of the powdery mildew or oidium of wheat, a disease that affects all the epigee parts of the plant compromising its photosynthetic capacity and causing high production losses. In recent years, in line with the new objectives of the European Union in terms of environmental protection and the health of food that have led to a significant reduction of chemical pesticides available on the market, there is a need to develop new alternative strategies for controlling these plant diseases. In this paper the effectiveness of some synthetic peptides, analogues of some antimicrobial peptides secreted by antagonist species of Trichoderma spp., have been evaluated against F. graminearum and B. graminis f.sp. tritici. In vitro efficacy tests were initially carried out to assess the inhibitory activity of peptides used at low concentrations against two F. graminearum strains. Subsequently, several in vivo tests were carried out on wheat plants grown in a controlled environment, treating the ears with the most promising peptides in vitro tests and artificially inoculating them with pathogen spores. The effectiveness of the peptides was evaluated by measuring the development of Fusariosis symptoms after 21 days from inoculum and quantifying the concentration of DON by ELISA test in ears infected with the pathogenic fungus. Two of the most effective peptides against Fusariosis of the ear, called PEP4-RINK and PEP5, have been used in further trials on wheat plants to evaluate its antifungal activity against B. graminis f.sp. tritici. Symptoms of powdery mildew were evaluated after 21 days on the flag leaf and the second leaf using a Disease Index, and the derived McKinney Index was used as an indicator of the effectiveness of peptides in inhibiting fungal development. With regard to powdery mildew, only the peptide PEP5 reconfirms its antifungal potential with an effectiveness comparable to that of the biofungicide currently on the market Polyversum®. The PEP5 peptide, because of its antifungal activity found both against F. graminearum and B. graminis f.sp. tritici, is an antimicrobial molecule potentially usable in the phytosanitary defense of wheat.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/59123