The global demand for fish is drastically increasing, compelling the aquaculture sector to seek innovative and sustainable solutions to meet it. Nowadays, tilapia, after having experienced a significant surge in production over the past decades, plays a pivotal role in providing affordable and low-labour fish. It serves as a primary source of essential nutrients in many Third Countries around the world. However, farmers have recently encountered an emerging and perilous threat: the Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV). Since 2014, the Tilapia Lake Virus disease (TiLVd) has rapidly spread globally, emerging as a major challenge for tilapia farming. Third countries are particularly susceptible to the significant impact of this disease due to the lack of sufficient resources and the poor knowledge in combating viral pathogens. This master degree thesis on Veterinary Medicine is an integral part of the international project named “AQUAE STRENGTH” supported by the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) and carried out by Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe). This project encompasses various general objectives related to different aspects of aquaculture, including diseases surveillance, management of aquaculture production, use of advanced GIS (Geographic Information System) techniques, restriction of antimicrobial and veterinary medicinal products in fish production, and provision of diagnostic assistance. It is directed toward four countries located in Asia and Africa. The aim of this thesis is to provide comprehensive information about the TiLVd and to formulate a tailored surveillance plan specifically designed for Cambodia and Morocco. For doing this, a general outline has been developed considering the pathogen’s characteristics, environmental conditions, and type of aquaculture. The outline can be theoretically used for every aquatic animal disease and for every country across the world. It should help to value every important aspect in order to define sample size and frequency for applying surveillance plans. Subsequently, it has been compiled based on the specific information of the TiLV and the two aforementioned countries. Thanks to the outline, it was possible to collect all the important information in order to define guidelines for the surveillance of TiLV in Cambodia and Morocco. The surveillance plan includes sampling of a few Cambodian and every Moroccan farms, twice and once per year, respectively, for a total of at least four sampling events. Unfortunately, it has not been possible to provide precise information about sample size due to the lack of essential information. Therefore, these surveillance plans should be tailored by the respective Competent Authorities, taking into account precise information about their aquaculture sector, disposable income, availability of trained staff, and the presence of adequate equipment and technology. Since 2014, the Tilapia Lake Virus disease has rapidly spread globally, emerging as a major challenge for Tilapia cultivation. Third countries, often lacking sufficient resources and with poor knowledge in combating viral pathogens, are particularly susceptible to the significant impact of this disease. This thesis is an integral part of the international project “AQUAE STRENGTH” supported by the World Organization for Animal Health. This project encompasses various general objectives related to different aspects of aquaculture, including diseases surveillance, management of aquaculture production, use of advanced geographic information system techniques, restriction of antimicrobial and veterinary medicinal products in fish production, and provision of diagnostic assistance. It is directed toward to four countries located in Asia and Africa. The aim of this thesis is to provide comprehensive information about the Tilapia Lake Virus disease and to formulate a tailored surveillance plan specifically designed to Cambodia and Morocco.
La domanda globale di pesce è aumentata drasticamente, costringendo il settore dell'acquacoltura a cercare soluzioni innovative e sostenibili per soddisfarla. Oggigiorno, la tilapia, dopo un notevole aumento di produzione negli ultimi decenni, svolge un ruolo cruciale nel fornire pesce accessibile e a basso costo. In molti Paesi del Terzo Mondo è ormai divenuto un alimento fondamentale per fornire nutrienti essenziali. Tuttavia, gli allevatori si sono trovati recentemente di fronte a una nuova e pericolosa minaccia: il Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV). Dal 2014, la malattia causata dal Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLVd) si è diffusa rapidamente a livello globale, trasformandosi in una delle più grandi sfide per l’allevamento della tilapia. I Paesi del Terzo Mondo sono particolarmente suscettibili all'impatto di questa malattia a causa della mancanza di risorse sufficienti e della scarsa conoscenza nel contrastare agenti patogeni virali. Questa tesi di laurea magistrale a ciclo unico in Medicina Veterinaria fa parte integrante del progetto internazionale denominato "AQUAE STRENGTH", sostenuto dall'Organizzazione Mondiale per la Sanità Animale (WOAH) e realizzato dall'Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe). Questo progetto comprende vari obiettivi generali legati a diversi aspetti dell'acquacoltura, tra cui sorveglianza delle malattie, gestione della produzione di prodotti ittici, utilizzo di avanzate tecniche GIS (Sistema Informativo Geografico), uso prudente di antimicrobici e medicinali veterinari e assistenza in fase diagnostica. I beneficiari di questo progetto sono quattro Nazioni situate in Asia e Africa. Lo scopo di questa tesi è formulare un piano di sorveglianza per Cambogia e Marocco contro TiLVd. Per fare ciò, è stato sviluppato uno schema che considera le caratteristiche del patogeno, le condizioni ambientali e il tipo di acquacoltura. Questo schema potrà essere utilizzato per qualsiasi malattia degli animali acquatici e per qualsiasi Paese nel mondo. Con le informazioni così raccolte, è possibile definire la dimensione dei campioni e la frequenza dei campionamenti per una corretta sorveglianza. Una volta compilato lo schema e aver quindi raccolto tutte le informazioni importanti, è stato possibile definire delle linee guida per la sorveglianza del TiLV in Cambogia e Marocco. Il piano di sorveglianza prevede il campionamento di alcuni allevamenti cambogiani e di tutti quelli marocchini, rispettivamente due e una volta l'anno, per un totale di almeno quattro campionamenti. Purtroppo, non è stato possibile fornire informazioni precise sulla dimensione del campione per carenza di informazioni essenziali. Pertanto, questi piani di sorveglianza dovranno essere adattati dalle rispettive Autorità Competenti, tenendo conto di informazioni precise sul loro settore dell'acquacoltura, disponibilità economica, presenza di attrezzature e tecnologie adeguate e disponibilità di personale formato.
Design of a surveillance plan for Tilapia Lake Virus within an WOAH international project in third countries
DE LUCA, MICHELE
2022/2023
Abstract
The global demand for fish is drastically increasing, compelling the aquaculture sector to seek innovative and sustainable solutions to meet it. Nowadays, tilapia, after having experienced a significant surge in production over the past decades, plays a pivotal role in providing affordable and low-labour fish. It serves as a primary source of essential nutrients in many Third Countries around the world. However, farmers have recently encountered an emerging and perilous threat: the Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV). Since 2014, the Tilapia Lake Virus disease (TiLVd) has rapidly spread globally, emerging as a major challenge for tilapia farming. Third countries are particularly susceptible to the significant impact of this disease due to the lack of sufficient resources and the poor knowledge in combating viral pathogens. This master degree thesis on Veterinary Medicine is an integral part of the international project named “AQUAE STRENGTH” supported by the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) and carried out by Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe). This project encompasses various general objectives related to different aspects of aquaculture, including diseases surveillance, management of aquaculture production, use of advanced GIS (Geographic Information System) techniques, restriction of antimicrobial and veterinary medicinal products in fish production, and provision of diagnostic assistance. It is directed toward four countries located in Asia and Africa. The aim of this thesis is to provide comprehensive information about the TiLVd and to formulate a tailored surveillance plan specifically designed for Cambodia and Morocco. For doing this, a general outline has been developed considering the pathogen’s characteristics, environmental conditions, and type of aquaculture. The outline can be theoretically used for every aquatic animal disease and for every country across the world. It should help to value every important aspect in order to define sample size and frequency for applying surveillance plans. Subsequently, it has been compiled based on the specific information of the TiLV and the two aforementioned countries. Thanks to the outline, it was possible to collect all the important information in order to define guidelines for the surveillance of TiLV in Cambodia and Morocco. The surveillance plan includes sampling of a few Cambodian and every Moroccan farms, twice and once per year, respectively, for a total of at least four sampling events. Unfortunately, it has not been possible to provide precise information about sample size due to the lack of essential information. Therefore, these surveillance plans should be tailored by the respective Competent Authorities, taking into account precise information about their aquaculture sector, disposable income, availability of trained staff, and the presence of adequate equipment and technology. Since 2014, the Tilapia Lake Virus disease has rapidly spread globally, emerging as a major challenge for Tilapia cultivation. Third countries, often lacking sufficient resources and with poor knowledge in combating viral pathogens, are particularly susceptible to the significant impact of this disease. This thesis is an integral part of the international project “AQUAE STRENGTH” supported by the World Organization for Animal Health. This project encompasses various general objectives related to different aspects of aquaculture, including diseases surveillance, management of aquaculture production, use of advanced geographic information system techniques, restriction of antimicrobial and veterinary medicinal products in fish production, and provision of diagnostic assistance. It is directed toward to four countries located in Asia and Africa. The aim of this thesis is to provide comprehensive information about the Tilapia Lake Virus disease and to formulate a tailored surveillance plan specifically designed to Cambodia and Morocco.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Tesi definitiva Michele De Luca.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/59155