Developing insights on IBD: understanding its occurrence and impact on Boidae family

Inclusion body disease (IBD) is a significant health concern in Boidae, a diverse family of snakes that includes popular pet species such as boas and pythons. This thesis encompasses a thorough review of existing literature, as well as the analysis of data collected from affected individuals. The etiology of IBD remains elusive, with viral and genetic factors proposed as potential triggers. Initially thought to be caused by a retrovirus, association with members of the Arenaviridae family have been suggested, even though the determination of the definitive causative agent is still lacking. The pathogenesis involves the formation of intracellular protein aggregates, leading to cellular dysfunction and systemic disease progression. The mechanism leading to the formation of these protein aggregates and its impact on the host immune responses are still areas of research. Clinical manifestations of IBD in boas and pythons are highly variable according to the species, ranging from subtle signs to severe neurological damage and death. To diagnose the disease, different techniques including electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry and PCR-based assays are employed to detect inclusions and viral particles. Management and control in captive snake populations pose significant challenges: strict quarantine protocols, regular health screening and proper husbandry practices are necessary due to the lack of vaccines and antiviral therapies. This thesis aims to provide and analyze the data gathered from necropsies carried out with the BCA group, emphasizing the clinical signs, findings at macroscopic and microscopic levels, along with the information obtained from bacteriological, parasitological and virological examinations. Moreover, it encompasses preventive medicine, management of the disease in captive populations and, thanks to the help of the veterinarian Diego Cattarossi and various breeders, it delineates the economical and ethical impact of such alignment.